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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are two roles of the immune system?

A

Prevent/eliminate infection & prevent/alleviate disease

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2
Q

What are three intracellular changes following the recognition of a pathogen by a cell surface receptor

A

Cytokine secretion, phagocytosis/endocytosis and induction of migration

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3
Q

What do immuno-diagnostic assays evaluate

A

Presence of innate immune system populations, antibodies, T cell activity and autoantibodies

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4
Q

Name four non-specific protective mechanisms

A

Physical barriers, humoral factors, factors which regulate species specificity and cellular mechanisms

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5
Q

Describe the location and function of lysozyme

A

It is found in the saliva, tears, milk and mucus
It acts on peptidoglycans in bacterial cell walls and exposes them to immune cells

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6
Q

Describe the location and function of lactoferrin

A

It is found in milk
It is an iron chelator - it keeps iron away from bacteria that need it to grow

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7
Q

Describe the location and function of B-defensins

A

It is found in mucosal tissues in the gut
They insert themselves into microbial membranes to make holes in them

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8
Q

Name the cell: Key in inflammation, accumulate at sites of infection then die, segmented nuclei, major function is phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

Name the cell: Key in response to parasites, central to damaging inflammation during allergic reactions, stain pink with eosin, increase in numbers during allergic reactions, direct killing

A

Eosinophils

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10
Q

Name the cell: Dark cytoplasm with granules, rare in blood, seen during allergic reactions, release cytokines/histamine that induces further immune response

A

Basophils

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11
Q

Name the cell: Long-lived tissue resident cells, important in parasitic and allergic reactions, release a wide variety of inflammatory mediators

A

Mast cells

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12
Q

Name the cell: Blood borne, kidney shaped nuclei, circulate through tissues where they may differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells

A

Monocytes

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13
Q

Name the cell: Present in blood/lymphoid tissues, cytoplasm is full of cytotoxic compounds, release cytokines and influence the adaptive immune response

A

Natural killer cells

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14
Q

TLR4 recognizes…

A

LPS

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15
Q

TLR5 recognizes…

A

Flagellin

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16
Q

TLR3 recognizes…

A

dsDNA

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17
Q

TLR9 recognizes…

A

Bacterial DNA motifs

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18
Q

Complement is largely part of the __ immune response

A

Innate

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19
Q

What type of enzymes are complement components

A

Serine proteases

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20
Q

Does the complement system have any specificity?

A

No

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21
Q

What triggers the classical complement pathway

A

Antibodies bound to antigens

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22
Q

What triggers the alternative complement pathway

A

Microbes (their surfaces or products)

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23
Q

What needs to happen in order for antibodies to trigger the classical complement pathway

A

At least 2/6 heads of C1 must bind to antibodies bound to antigens

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24
Q

What complement proteins form C3 convertase

A

C4b and C2a

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25
What stops the alternative complement pathway from destroying host cells?
If C3b binds to a host cell surface, factor H and I will recognize it + the sialic acid present on the host cell and inactivate/degrade the C3b
26
Which complement components form the MAC complex
C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9
27
What are 4 outcomes of the complement system? (bonus: what causes these to happen)
Opsonization (C3b), inflammation (C3a & C5b), clearance of immune complexes (C3b) and killing of pathogens (MAC)
28
What do T cells recognize
Antigens bound to MHC
29
What do B cells recognize
Linear and 3D antigen structures
30
How do T and B cells in an immune response regulate the specificity of their receptors
Mutating parts of the T and B cell receptors for recognizing antigens
31
What are the two types of tolerance involved in the lack of self recognition?
Central (during maturation) and peripheral (during infection)
32
What is the part of an antigen that stimulates an immune response
An antigenic epitope
33
What is a discontinuous epitope
An epitope with non-adjacent amino acids that only come together when the protein is folded
34
T cells recognize __ epitopes
Continuous
35
B cells recognize __ epitopes
Discontinuous
36
Which cells express MHCII
Macrophages, DCs and sometimes B cells
37
What is the main function of MHCI molecules vs MHCII
MHCI - antiviral immunity MHCII - induction & regulation of immune response
38
How are MHCs specific for which antigenic peptides the bind to/present
It relates to the covalent binding of amino acids in the peptide with those in the antigen binding groove in the MHC molecule
39
MHCI molecules present __ antigens
Intracellular
40
What needs to happen to an antigen before it can be recognized by a T cell receptor (MHC)
It needs to be digested into peptides
41
Which immunoglobulin domain is involved in antibody function?
The constant (C) domain
42
What determines antigen specificity in B and T cell receptors
The variable domain
43
Where does recombination of the variable domain occur
In the bone marrow
44
Where does class switching take place
Secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, peyers patches etc)
45
When and why does class switching occur?
It occurs during the adaptive immune response because of cytokine signaling from Th cells
46
Where does rearrangement of the TCR variable region occur?
In the thymus
47
What are two co-receptors of BCRs
Ig-alpha, Ig-beta
48
What are two co-receptors of TCRs
CD3 complex and CD4/CD8
49
What is the function of co-receptors for B cells
They bind complement fragments that have bound to pathogens and amplifies the signal delivered to the B cell
50
What is the function of co-receptors for T cells
They stabilize MHC-TCR interactions to maximize binding
51
What happens to the gene segments during class switching
C regions are excised from the B cell genome
52
What do all T cells express
CD3
53
Where does T cell maturation take place
The thymus
54
What two signals are required for T cell activation
1. antigen recognition 2. costimulation (CD28 on the T cell with CD80 or CD86 on the APC)
55
What cytokine is known as T cell growth factor
IL-2
56
What T cell population drives the adaptive immune response
Effector T cells
57
How do T cells prevent self-recognition
They need the second signal (costimulation) from the APC or else they will die
58
What is the role of CD8 and CD4 in receptor interaction/binding
It increases the avidity of the interaction (binding strength)
59
What response do Th1 cells participate in
Inflammation response to bacteria and intracellular parasites
60
What response to Th2 cells participate in
B cell help for antibody production and responses to extracellular parasites
61
What mediates the type of Th response induced
The type of cytokine that is produced
62
What region of the antibody determines its biological functions/class
Fc region
63
Which is the largest antibody and what is its shape
IgM, pentamer
64
Which antibody is responsible for tagging for opsonization
IgG
65
Which antibody is primarily responsible for mast cell degranulation
IgE
66
What is a major secretory immunoglobin in ruminants
IgG1
67
What makes sIgA specially adapted for mucosal surfaces
The secretory component (a poly Ig receptor)
68
What does a B cell need to be correctly activated
An APC with the antigen and T cell help
69
What is affinity maturation
As the B cell divides after it is activated, mutations occur in the Ig genes at a high rate which can lead to increased affinity binding of antigen
70
What happens to B cells after affinity maturation
They will either go to the bone marrow to be plasma cells or stay in the tissues as memory cells
71
What is a passive vaccine
Injection with an antibody to neutralise toxins No host immunity develops and no memory is generated
72
What is an active vaccine
It generates an active immune response to protect the host from subsequent infection
73
What is 1 adv and 1 disadv of killed/inactivated vaccines
adv - safe and cheap disadv - does not induce CTL immunity (only antibodies)
74
What is 1 adv and 1 disadv of subunit vaccines
Adv - immunogenic disadv - does not induce strong T cell immunity or memory
75
Which vaccine types require the use of adjuvants
Killed and subunit
76
Name 3 ways adjuvants increase the immune response
1. keep antigen at the site of entry 2. deliver antigen to APCs 3. act on PRRs to increase immune response
77
What is 1 adv and 1 disadv of live attenuated vaccines
adv - generate optimal immune mechanisms disadv - can be expensive to develop
78
Describe herd immunity
The more people vaccinated, the more protected unvaccinated people are
79
What is the formula for the proportion of a population that must be vaccinated to prevent disease
1 - 1/R0
80
If R0 is less than 1...
There will be little or no transmission and number of infections will decrease
81
What is indicative of an infection when looking at blood cell counts
Increased numbers of neutrophils
82
What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies
Primary is typically genetic and secondary is acquired

Animal Body 2 (6 decks)

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