immunology

Question 1

variolation

Answer 1

exposure of an individual too the contents of dried smallpox pustules from an infected patient

Question 2

how can new infectious disease emerge ?

Answer 2

global village
population growth
changes in human behaviour
changes in dynamics of other infections
loss of natural habitat
interactions of pathogens with humans

Question 3

what are barriers to infection

Answer 3

skin - physical barrier, physiological factor, sebaceous glands

mucous

commensal bacteria

Question 4

what gives optimal effectiveness ?

Answer 4

a balanced immune system

Question 5

what are the two different immune systems ?

Answer 5

innate immune system
adaptive immune system

Question 6

immune over reactions

Answer 6

reaction to ‘self’ - autoimmunity
reaction to inn

Question 7

immune under reactions

Question 8

how can we prevent or treat human health

Answer 8

we can manipulate the immune system by:

immunisation
anti-inflammatory and immunosupprisive drugs
cancer immunotherapy

Question 9

what does the innate immune system responsible for?

Answer 9

rapid responce (0-4 hours)
general response
responsible for acute inflammation and killing of pathogen

Question 10

what is the adaptive immune system responsible for ?

Answer 10

slow response (4-96 hours)
unique response

Question 11

what cells do innate immune systems involve ?

Answer 11

mast cells
NK cells
phagocytes
complement
PAMPs:PRRs

Question 12

what cells does the immune system contain ?

Answer 12

phagocytes
lymphocytes
eosinophils, mast cells and basophils

Question 13

what are examples of phagocytes ?

Answer 13

neutrophils
monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 14

what do phagocytes do ?

Answer 14

ingest and kill bacteria

Question 15

whats an important source of cytokines ?

Answer 15

phagocytes

Question 16

what are examples of lymphocytes ?

Answer 16

T cell
B cells
NK cells

Question 17

What are examples of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils ?

Answer 17

Granular cells

Question 18

what do eosinophils, mast cells and basophils do ?

Answer 18

release chemicals for acute inflammation

Question 19

what are examples of soluble (humoral factors) ?

Answer 19

antibodies
complement proteins

Question 20

what are immunoglobulins ?

Answer 20

antibodies

Question 21

when are antibodies produced ?

Answer 21

in response to an antigen

Question 22

what role do complement proteins have ?

Answer 22

critical role in inflammation and defence

Question 23

where do mast cells reside ?

Answer 23

in tissue

Question 24

what do mast cells protect ?

Answer 24

mucosal surfaces

Question 25

what do mast cells degranulate and release ?

Answer 25

histamine and tryptase

Question 26

what are mast cells involved in ? give examples

Answer 26

gene expression - TNF, chemokines, leukotrienes

Question 27

where can you find basophils and eosinophils ?

Answer 27

circulate in blood

Question 28

what do basophils and eosinophils do ?

Answer 28

recruited to sites of infection

Question 29

where can you find neutrophils ?

Answer 29

they circulate freely in blood

Question 30

When are neutrophils needed ?

Answer 30

rapidly recruited to inflamed and infected tissues

Question 31

what are neutrophils ?

Answer 31

short-lived professional killer cells

Question 32

how do neutrophils involve ?

Answer 32

PAMP recognition and activation

Question 33

how do neutrophils attack pathogens ?

Answer 33

phagocytosis release of antimicrobial peptides and degradative proteases generate extracellular traps

Question 34

what do neutrophils produce ?

Answer 34

activate neutrophils and produce TNF

Question 35

what is PUS

Answer 35

dead and dying neutrophils + tissue cells + microbial debris = PUS

Question 36

what are monocytes ?

Answer 36

precursors of macrophages

Question 37

what is the main purpose of monocytes and macrophages ?

Answer 37

limit inflammation involved in tissue repair and wound healing

Question 38

where are macrophages located ?

Answer 38

reside in tissues

Question 39

what do macrophages do ?

Answer 39

ingest and kill extracellular pathogens kill debris from dead tissue cells inflammation tissue repair and wound healing antigen presentation

Question 40

what are dendritic cells ?

Answer 40

immature cells in peripheral tissue

Question 41

what do dendritic cells do ?

Answer 41

stimulate adaptive immune responses (antigen presentation ?

Question 42

when do mature dendritic cells occur and what happens ?

Answer 42

when in contact with pathogen, mature dendritic cells migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 43

what are natural killer cells (NK) ?

Answer 43

large granular lymphocytes

Question 44

what do natural killer cells (NK) do ?

Answer 44

specifically kill tumour and virally infected cells can also kill antibody-bound cells

Question 45

what are T cells and B cells ?

Answer 45

mature cells that constantly circulate through blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues

Question 46

what do B cells do ?

Answer 46

produce antibodies

Question 47

What do T cells do ?

Answer 47

defence against pathogens

Question 48

What are helper T cells ?

Answer 48

regulators of immune system

Question 49

what do helper T cells do ?

Answer 49

activate other immune cells

Question 50

what are the different types of T cells ?

Answer 50

Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells

Question 51

How do T cells work ? steps example

Answer 51

CD8 + produce cytokines regulates other white blood cells activates CD8 and B cells peptides on HLA class II molecules

Question 52

What do cytotoxic T cells do ?

Answer 52

kill virally infected body cells

Question 53

How do cytotoxic T cells fight ? steps example

Answer 53

CD8 (which are cytotoxic) recognise peptides in association with HLA class I trigger apoptosis secrete cytokines and pore-forming molecules like perforin

Question 54

what is the fate of B cells and T cells ?

Answer 54

effector cells or memory cells

Question 55

where is the site of leukocyte development ?

Answer 55

primary lymphoid tissue

Question 56

what is the secondary lymphoid tissue ?

Answer 56

sites where adaptive immune responses initiated

Question 57

What are the mechanisms of communication in the immune system ?

Answer 57

direct contact - ligand interactions indirect - production and secretion of cytokines

Question 58

why are cytokines produced ?

Answer 58

in response to infection, inflammation and tissue damage

Question 59

how do cytokines work ?

Answer 59

co-ordinate the immune system by modulating cell behaviour

Question 60

what are examples (and their functions) of cytokines ?

Answer 60

interferons - anti-vira functions TNF (tumour necrosis factor) - pro-inflammatory chemokines - control and direct cell migration interleukins - various function,IL2 (T cell proliferation) IL10 (anti-inflammatory)

Question 61

what are local effects of acute inflammation ?

Answer 61

redness, heat swelling pain loss of function

Question 62

what are systemic effects of acute inflammation ?

Answer 62

fever

Question 63

what are the phases of innate immune response ?

Answer 63

recognition phase activation phase effector phase

Question 64

what receptors are involved in recognition phase ?

Answer 64

PRRs PAMPs