Immunology

Question 1

Th1 produced cytokines

Answer 1

IFN-y

Question 2

Th2 produced cytokines

Answer 2

IL-4,5,13

Question 3

Th17 produced cytokines

Answer 3

IL-17,22

Question 4

What transcription factors are activated in CD4+ cells by IL-12 and IFN-y ? What cell will it turn into?

Answer 4

T-bet, STAT4,STAT1, Turns into a Th1 cell

Question 5

What transcription factors are activated by IL-4in CD4+ cells and what kind of cell will it turn into? What cells release the IL-4?

Answer 5

GATA-3,STAT6 Th2 cell, Mast cells and Eosinophils

Question 6

What transcription factors are turned on by IL-1,6,23 and TGF-beta in CD4+ cells? What cells they turn into?

Answer 6

RORyt and STAT3, Th17

Question 7

Cytokines for Th1 differentiation

Answer 7

IL-12´and IFN-y

Question 8

Cytokines for Th2 differentiation

Answer 8

IL-4

Question 9

Cytokines for Th17 differentiation

Answer 9

IL-1,IL-6,IL-23

Question 10

How do Th1 cells and Th2 activate Macrophages

Answer 10

Th1 = classical pathway —> CD40 binding and IFN-y release —> M1 macrophage killing phagocytosed microbe
Th2 = alternative pathway —> IL-4,13 —>M2 macrophage — IL-10,TGF-beta — fibrosis,epithelia proliferation

Question 11

Types of influenza and what they infect

Question 12

Name steps of intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade

Answer 12

12–12a—11-11a—9-9a—8-8a =9a/8a complex activates 10-10a

Question 13

What complexes make up the prothrombin activator

Answer 13

Va/Xa/PF3/Ca+

Question 14

Name 5 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

Answer 14

1 Drug inactivation or modification
2 Alteration of target site
3 Active efflux
4 Outer membrane permeability change
5 Overexpression of PBPs

Question 15

Name the Mobile Genetic emlements

Answer 15

Integrons, Transposons, Plasmids

Question 16

How do Integrons work?

Answer 16

They have cassettes containing multiple genes, these genes can be rearranged and thus expressed more, this way antimicrobial resistance genes can be quickly expressed.

Question 17

How do transposons work?

Answer 17

Gene coding for transposase enzyme, the transposed segment may contain other genes such as antimicrobial resistance genes, making the location finidng of such genes harder.

Question 18

What are Plasmids?

Answer 18

Small circular DNA that contain genes already present on the chromosome.

Question 19

Name the steps of transposition

Answer 19

Excision
Drift
Integration

Question 20

Name three steps of hemostasis

Answer 20

Vascular spasm/ vasoconstriction
Platelate plug formation (Primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)

Question 21

Name the steps of viral replication

Answer 21

Recogniition
Attachement/Adhesion
Penetration/Fusion
Uncoating
Transcription
Protein synthesis
Replication
Assembly
Envelopment
Budding and release or lysis

Question 22

Name 4 transmission routes of Viruses

Answer 22

Oro-fecal
Sexual contact
Respiratory
Vector mediated (mosquitos)

Question 23

What kind of antigen is presented in class I MHC molecules,

Answer 23

Intracellular

Question 24

What kind of antigens are presented in class II MHC molecules?

Answer 24

Extracellular

Question 25

What are the functions of IgG

Answer 25

Complement system activation Inititates Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) Opsoniozation

Question 26

Name three ESBL types

Answer 26

SHEV, TEM , CTX-M,

Question 27

Name receptors that recognise viral infections, locate them precisely

Answer 27

RIG-like receptors detect viral RNA in the cytosol NLRs detect viral RNA or DNA in the cytosol TLRs detect viral RNA or DNA in endosomes

Question 28

Recognition of viral RNA leads to a production of what cytokines?

Answer 28

IFN-alpha & beta

Question 29

What protein complex inhibits NK cells from killing healthy cells?

Answer 29

Class I MHC, killer cell-like receptors (KIRs)

Question 30

On the lack of what membrane protein will NK cells kill a cell?

Answer 30

MHC I

Question 31

Name the the possible components of Gram-positive bacterial membrane and wall

Answer 31

Peptidoglycan Teichoic acid Lipotheicoic acid Protein A

Question 32

Name the possible structures in Gram-negative bacteria mambrane adn wall

Answer 32

Innaer and outer membrane Periplasmic space between Peptidoglycan in periplasmic space Transport proteins Porins Outer membrane’s outer leaflet has LPS

Question 33

How does superoxide dismutase deal with ROS

Answer 33

Converts superoxide to Oxygen and hydrogen-peroxide, H2O2 goes dow the catalase or the glutathiane pathway and is converted into water and oxygen

Question 34

What does VDJ stand for and what they do?

Answer 34

Variable —> genetic region that codes the antigen specific variable part of the antibodies Domain —> codes for the main F(ab) light chain part Joining—> codes for the Fc (stem) part (heavy chain)

Question 35

How are light chains and heavy chains of antibodies are held together?

Answer 35

Disulfide bonds

Question 36

Explain the steps of T-cell dependent B-cell activation.

Answer 36

B-cell pick up antigen and present it on MHC II Th1 cells bind to it through TCR complex and releases IL-2 and IFN-y —> IgM & IgG secretion Or Th2 cell binds and releases IL-4 and secrete IgG,IgA,IgE

Question 37

Name the main application of Western Blot, give an advantage and a disadvantage

Answer 37

Expression of proteins on/in cells, Molecular weight and phosphorylation determination Need pure cell population and only semi quantitative

Question 38

What are T-regs and what they do?

Answer 38

They secrete TGF-beta to inhibit Th cells

Question 39

Name a method used to show production of soluable factors

Answer 39

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)

Question 40

Name the advantages and disadvantages of performing an ELISA

Answer 40

Quantitative and sensitive Needs pure cell population

Question 41

Name the application, advantage and disadvantage of flow cytometry

Answer 41

Cell associated molecule detection Single cell analysis, Quantitative, Sensitive Equipment expensive

Question 42

Name the main application, advantages and disadvantages of Immunohistochemistry

Answer 42

Identify which cells express a protein in tissues Qualitative info combined with morphology Hard to quantitate, Invasive, cells are not available for functional assays