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Dunedin RACP Study Course > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

T/ B cell involved in innate immunity

A

IgM antibody production by CD 5+ subset of B cells

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2
Q

Main signalling molecules in bacterial damage and phagocytes recruitment

A

Cytokines
TNF - alpha
IL-1

Chemokines/ IL-8

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3
Q

3 complement pathways

A

Classic
Alternate
Mannose binding lectin

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4
Q

3 main purposes of complement

A
  • label micro-organisms ( i.e. opsonisation)
  • recruit phagocytes (i.e. chemotaxis)
  • destroy- microorganisms by perforating the cell membrane (i.e. cytolysis)
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5
Q

How many main protein in complement cascade

A

9 complement proteins

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6
Q

Protein of MAC

A

C5-8 which then activate lots of C9s in a ring to form the MAC

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7
Q

Inflammatory complement mediators

A

C3a - the best,
C5a - pretty good,
C4 - pretty useless

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8
Q

Trigger(s) for classic complement pathway

A

IgG antibody (bound to something)
- therefore needs the adaptive immune system to have already worked

Other triggers
* Aggregated immunoglobulin

  • Some RNA viruses
  • Staphlococcal protein A
  • Polyanions and cations e.g. heparin
  • C-reactive protein
  • Some proteolytic enzymes
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9
Q

Trigger(s) for alternate complement pathway

A

Main:
- C3 binding to bacteria

Other
* Aggregated immunoglobulins
* C3 nephritic factor (antibody to an enzyme activating C3)

  • LPS (endotoxin)
  • Some acute phase proteins i.e. mannose binding protein, C reactive protein
  • Radiographic contrast media
  • Plant and bacterial polysaccharides
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10
Q

Is the membrane attack complex (MAC) better in gram neg or pos bacteria

A

much more effective in gram negative

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11
Q

Mechanisms for protection of host cells against complement (MAC)

A

Membrane-bound complement inhibitors on cells include:

  • DAF (decay accelerating factor) and MCP (membrane cofactor protein) which break down C3 convertase
  • HRF (homologous restriction factor) C8 binding protein and CD59 which prevent the formation of MAC on host cells
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12
Q

DAF, MCP

A

Decay accelerating factor

Membrane cofactor protein

break down C3 convertase

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13
Q

HRF

A

homologous restriction factor
- C8 binding protein and CD59 which prevent the formation of MAC on host cells

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14
Q

Alternate name NK cells

A

large granular lymphocytes

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15
Q

NK cells and MHC class signalling

A

inhibited when they recognise their own MHC Class I molecules on target cells

kill target cells in which MHC Class I molecule expression has been down-regulated allowing escape from CTLs

also recognise other activating (and inhibiting) receptors on the surface of target cells

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16
Q

NK cells and antibodies

A

NK cells can acquire antibody (Fc portion of IgG) via CD16 Fc receptors allowing specific antigen recognition - ADCC

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17
Q

THings released by NK cells

A

perforins and granzymes to kill cells

Make interferon gamma

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18
Q

NK cells and MHC 2

A

no relation/ no interaction

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19
Q

Main cytokine that increases body’s temp/ set point

A

IL-1

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20
Q

Cytokines from macrophages that increase selectin and integrins activation on endothelial cells

A

TNF-alpha
Il-1

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21
Q

Cytokine that causes liver to release inflamamtory things

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1β and IFN-γ and IL-6 also very improtant

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22
Q

Cytokines released by DCs after activation by TLRs?

A

IFN-alpha/ beta
TNF-alpha
IL-6
IL-12

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23
Q

Increased surface expresison molecules in DC after activation

A

CD 80.86
MHC - II

CD 40

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24
Q

HLA molecules encoded by genes on which chromosome

A

6

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25
MHC Class 1 regions (on chromosome)
A, B, C (technically also E)
26
MHC Class 2 regions (on chromosome)
DP, DQ, DR
27
Co-dominance in HLA
Cells will present proteins from all the genes it has available to it
28
is beta-2 micro globulin in MHC1 or MHC 2
MHC 1
29
Which cells present MHC 1
all nucleated cells
30
WHich cells present MHC 2
APCs - macrophages - DC - B cells
31
what is CD3 related to
a TCR, doesn't differntiate CT T cell vs TH cell
32
CD4 vs CD8 on which T cells
CD4 on TH, CD8 on CT T cells 2 TH cells for every 1 cytotoxic T Cell
33
Break up of extra-cellular vs intra-cellular proteins by APCs
extra-cellular - broken down by lyosoomes - presented in MHC 2 intra-cellular - broken down by proteosome - presented on MHC 1
34
Cytokines produced by TH1, and basic role
IFN-gamma TNF Intra-cellular microbes
35
Cytokines produced by TH2, and basic role
IL-4 IL-5, IL 13 Helminthic parasites
36
Cytokines produced by TH17, and basic role
IL-17 IL-22 Chemokines extra-cellular bacteria, fungi
37
Immune reaction triggered by TH1
macrophages IgG production
38
Immune reaction triggered by TH2
IgE production mast cell/ eosinophil activation
39
Immune reaction triggered by TH17
recruit neuts, macrophages
40
How do cytotoxic T cells kill cells?
perforins - form a pore granzymes - activate apoptotic enzymes CD95 activation (FAS) by CD 95L - activates apoptotic enzymes
41
Main cytokine in T-cell activation/ maturation
IL-2 - produced by t-cells themselves (autocrine growth factor)
42
B1 subset of B cells
Naive B cell - just produce IgM - Do not produce memory cells - Identified by the expression of the CD5 cell surface marker
43
B2 subset of B cells
* Respond to T-dependent antigens * Undergo class switching so all isotypes of antibody can be produced * Produce memory cells * Do not express CD5
44
B Cell co-stim factor
CD 40 (on B cell) with CD 40L on activated T-helper
45
gene segments that combine to form antibody molecule
- heavy chain gene segments: V, D, J, C - light chain gene segments: V, J, C 5 heavy chain C gene segment determine isotype: μ,γ,α,δ, 2 light chain gene segments (κ,λ)
46
Can B cells produce more than one Ig subtype
B cell can simultaneously express both IgM and IgD on the surface Otherwise No
47
IgG subclass that cannot cross placenta
IgG2
48
Relative quantities if Ig in serum (IgA vs D vs E vs G vs M)
IgG>IgA >IgM >IgD >IgE
49
Complement binding efficiency if Ig
IgM, IgG3 >IgG1>IgG2
50
gene segments that combine to form TCR
V, J and C region (a chain) and V,D, J and C (b chain) gene segments randomly selected, spliced, transcribed and translated into protein
51
What happens if a T lymphocyte encountering its specific antigen in the absence of a costimulatory signal via CD28
becomes anergic (unresponsive to appropriate stimulation)
52
Main Ig secreted into breast milk?
IgA
53
T helper cells involved in MS
TH 1 (Interferon gamma etc)
54
Can B cells produce kappa and lambda light chains in the same cell
no
55
Can B cells produces antibodies of more than one class
yes IgG and IgD
56
Cytokines are upregulatory except?
IL-10, TGF-β
57
Basic cytokine groups
* Interleukins * Interferons - alpha (IFN-α), beta, gamma * Tumour necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α; cachetin), beta (lymphotoxin) * Colony stimulating factors (CSF) - G-CSF (granulocyte) - M-CSF (macrophage) - GM-CSF(granulocyte/macrophage) * Transforming growth factor alpha - (TGF-α) beta (TGF-β)
58
Cell markers on immature thymic cells
* Tdt * double positive CD4+/CD8+ (α/β) * double negative CD3+ (γ/δ)
59
Cell markers on mature T cells
* TCR, CD3, CD2 (binds sheep RBC) * CD4 (T h -interacts MHC Class II) * CD8 (T c - interacts MHC Class I)
60
Cell markers on B cells
* CD19, CD20 * MHC Class II * sIgM (sIgG on memory B cells) * Complement receptors: CRI, (CD35), CR2 (CD21- EBV entry)
61
Examples of live vaccines
* bacterial: BCG vaccine * viral: Sabin (polio), measles, mumps, some CoVID

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