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2a - ICS > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are identifying features of innate immunity

A

Non-specific
Fast process with short lasting effect
Present from birth
Instinctive

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2
Q

What are some features of adaptive immunity

A

Slow process but long-lasting effects
Acquired
Requires lymphocytes
Specific
Antibodies

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3
Q

Name the 3 main polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the immune system

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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4
Q

What are the 3 main mononuclear leukocytes

A

Monocytes (differentiate to macrophages)
T-cells
B-cells (differentiate to plasma cells)

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5
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

phagocytic and bactericidal

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6
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Secretes cytokines

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7
Q

What type of infections are eosinophils important in

A

parasitic

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8
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Important in parasitic infection and allergic reactions
Main source of histamine

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9
Q

What are the 3 ‘professional’ APCs

A

Macrophages
B-cells
Dendritic cells

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10
Q

What is the most potent APC

A

dendritic cells

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11
Q

Where are macrophages derived from

A

Either derived from circulating blood monocytes or as tissue resident macrophages

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12
Q

What are complement proteins

A

Group of around 20 serum proteins secreted by the liver that needs to be activated to be functional

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13
Q

What are the 3 main outcomes of complement system activation

A

Direct lysis - C5 - C9
Attract more leukocytes to site of infection - C3a & C5a
Coat invading organism - C3b

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14
Q

What are the 5 distinct classes of immunoglobulin

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

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15
Q

What region on an antibody binds to receptors

A

Fc region

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16
Q

What region of an antibody binds with epitopes of antigens

A

Fab region

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17
Q

What does the constant region of an antibody determine

A

Determines antibody types and therefore effector function

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18
Q

Function of interferons

A

Induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells

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19
Q

Function of interleukins

A

Can cause cells to divide, differentiate and secrete factors

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20
Q

State the funtion of IL1 and IL10

A

IL-1: pro inflammatory
IL-10: anti-inflammatory

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21
Q

What is the most important interleukin in neutrophil production and recruitment

A

IL-8

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22
Q

Function of chemokines

A

Leukocyte chemoattractant

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23
Q

What is the function of colony stimulating factor

A

Involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

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24
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors

A

Encoded receptors that detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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25
What is T cell selection
When T cells that recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature
26
Importance of T cell receptor (TCR)
Recognises foreign antigens in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
27
What is the function of T helper 2 (CD4)
Stimulates B cells to produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens. Secretes cytokines to help directly kill
28
What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
It helps the immune response against intracellular pathogens (e.g., viruses). Kills infected cells by binding to antigens and inducing apoptosis
29
Which cells express MHC1
All nucleated cells
30
Which cells express MHC2
Only antigen presenting cells
31
Which type of T cell binds to MCH1
CD8
32
Which type of T cell binds to MHC2
CD4
33
What is the function of T helper 1 (CD4)
Helps the immune response against intracellular pathogens. Activates macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells (cell mediated immunity)
34
What 2 substances are released by Tc to kill cells
Perforin and granzymes
35
How many antibodies can each B cell make
Each B cell can only make 1 Ab that will only bind to 1 epitope on one antigen
36
Where are B cells that recognise 'self' killed
bone marrow
37
Describe how T helper cells bind to B cells
* An antibody binds to an antigen * phagocytosis * epitope is displayed on surface of the B-cell bound to an MHC2 * TH2 binds to MHC2 on B cell * Cytokine secretion induces B-cell clonal expansion * Differentiation into plasma and memory B cells
38
Give 3 function of antibodies
1. Neutralise toxins. 2. Opsonisation. 3. Activate classical complement system
39
Name 4 types of cytokines
1. Interferons. 2. Interleukins. 3. Colony stimulating factors. 4. Tumour necrosis factors.
40
What is the function of tumour necrosis factor
Mediates inflammation and cytotoxic reactions
41
Give examples of secondary lymphoid tissue
Spleen Lymph nodes Mucosa association lymphoid tissue
42
What initiates the classical complement pathway?
Antigen-antibody complexes bind complement and activate the cascade
43
What activates the alternative pathway?
Bacterial cell walls and endotoxin (pathogen surfaces)
44
What activates the lectin pathway?
Mannose binding lectin
45
What are the 3 different pathways that make up the complement system?
1. Classical. 2. Lectin. 3. Alternative.
46
Main function of toll-like receptors (TLRs)
TLR's send signals to the nucleus to secrete cytokines and interferons. These signals initiate tissue repair. Enhanced TLR signalling = improved immune response.
47
What happens when a PAMP binds to a PRR
The innate immune response and inflammatory response is triggered
48
Describe the process of extravasation.
1. Macrophages at tissues release TNF alpha. 2. The endothelium is stimulated to express adhesion molecules and to stimulate chemokines. 3. Neutrophils bind to adhesion molecules; they roll, slow down and become stuck to the endothelium. 4. Neutrophils are activated by chemokines. 5. Neutrophils pass through the endothelium to the tissue to help fight infection.
49
What is an allergy?
An abnormal response to harmless foreign material.
50
What is atopy
The tendency to develop allergies.
51
Which Ig is most commonly involved in allergic responses?
IgE
52
Which cells express high affinity IgE receptors?
Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.
53
What is the main IgE receptor cell
Mast cells
54
Describe type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated Prior exposure to antigen/ drug IgE becomes attached to mast cells and re-exposure causes mast cell degranulation and release of histamine
55
Give example of symptoms of anaphylaxis
Vasodilation Shortness of breath Itchy skin Vomiting
56
Describe type 2 hypersensitivity (cell bound)
IgM or IgG bind to self-antigen leading to cell destruction
57
Give 3 functions of antibodies
neutralise toxins Opsonisation Activate classical complement system
58
Give 3 conditions that basophils are important in
Asthma Anaphylaxis Hay fever
59
Function of basophils
Release histamine Secrete serotonin and heparin
60
Describe type 3 hypersensitivity
IgG binds soluble antigens forming a circulating immune complex. These deposit in vesel walls which gives rise to an inflammatory response
61
Describe type 4 hypersensitivity
T cell mediated
62
What is the B cell maturation site
Bone marrow
63
Function of TLR2
Detects lipoteichoic acid derived of G+ve bacteria
64
Function of TLR4
Detects lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of G-ve bacteria
65
What does TLR5 detect
Flagellin
66
Function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Suppress immune response to maintain immune response and self-tolerance
67
What is the most important cytokine in neutrophil production and recruitment
IL-8
68
Describe how T helper cells bind to B cells
* An antibody binds to an antigen * Phagocytosis * Epitope is displayed on surface of the B-cell bound to an MHC2 * TH2 binds to MHC2 on B cell * Cytokine secretion induces B-cell clonal expansion * Differentiation into plasma and memory B cells
69
On which proteins are MHC proteins found on?
Chromosome 6
70
Treatment for anaphylaxis
IM adrenaline Antihistamines can be used after this (chlorphenamine and hydrocortisone)
71
What cytokine is responsible for activating macrophages
Interferon gamma
72
Function of IL-4
Key cytokine for allergic inflammation Induces IgE production Promotes Th2 differentiation
73
Which antibody is responsible for secondary responses to a previous infection
IgG - Has a higher affinity for antigens than other antibodies
74
Which Ig is found in breast milk and other secretions
IgA - protects mucosal surfaces
75
What are all complement pathways cleaved to
active C3 convertase

2a - ICS (4 decks)

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