Immunology Flashcards
(25 cards)
Immunomodulator
agents that have the capacity for both positive and negative actions (eg. bacteria and their products on the immune system)
Immunostimulant
stimulate the immune response
-Isoprinosine
-BCG (bacillus calmette goerin) use in certain stages of bladder cancer
-Levamisole: stimulate T cells and macrophages in immune deficiency
Immunoadjuvants
most effective when used in combination with antigen administration (muramyldipeptide-MDP)
Immunosuppressants
substances which have the ability to attenuate the immune response (Azathioprine, glucocorticoids, antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporine)
Biological response modifiers (BRMs)
colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, interferons, MDP; potent immunopharmacology
Immunopotentiator
boosts a failing immune system (IV immunoglobulin, CMV imunoglobulin)
Naturally acquired active immunity
infection in host
Artificially acquired active immunity
admin of vaccine to develop an immune response
Naturally acquired passive immunity
maternal transfer of IgG to fetus in utero or via nursing
Artificially acquired passive immunity
transfer of immunoglobulin from another host by intentional admin to prevent or treat disease
Cytokines
-soluble mediators of immune response secreted by various cells and affect the activity of other cells (paracrine) or the secreting cell ( autocrine)
-aid in the communication between cells
Pro-inflammatory
IL-1, TNF, Colony stimulating factors: most common
Regulatory
(up or down regulate immune activity)
-interleukins: IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12
-tumor necrosis factor: alpha and beta
Hematopoietic Growth Factors or CSF
substances that stimulate hematopoietic precursors: uses recombinant DNA technology
-granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and Granulocyte-monocyte CSF (GM-CSF)
-Erythropoietin (RBC CSF)
-IL-3: multi-lineage CSF
Interferons
INF-alpha and beta
IL-1
Source: macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
Principal Effects: activation of T and B lymphocytes, hematopoietic growth factor, and induction of inflammatory events
IL-2
Source: CD4+ T lymphs (TH1 subset)
Principal Effects: Activation of T and B lymphs, and NK cells
IL-4
Source: CD4+ T lymphs (TH2 subset), mast cells, basophills, eosinophils
Principal Effects:B and T lymph growth factor activation of macrophages, promotes IgE production, proliferation or bone marrow precursors
IL-6
Source: CD4+ T lymphs (TH2 subset), macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts
Principal Effects: T and B lymph growth factor, hematopoietic growth factor, augments inflammation
TNF-⍺
Source: Macrophages, NK cells, T and B lymphs, mast cells
Principal Effects: activation of neutrophils, endothelial cells, lymphs and liver cells to produce acute phase proteins
TNF-β
Source: T lymphs
Principal Effects: Tumoricidal
IFN-⍺
Source: Monocytes, other cells
Principal Effects: Antiviral, activation of NK cells and macrophages, upregulation MHC class I
IFN- 𝛾
Source: T lymphs, NK cells
Principal Effects: Activation of macrophages, NK cells, upregulation of MHC class I and II
GM-CSF (3)
Sargramostim (Leukine)
1) human GM-CSF exhibits dose-dependent increase in production of neutrophils and monocytes and may improve function
2) Indications: to treat myelosuppressive chemotherapy used in bone marrow transplantation, myelodysplastic syndromes, HIV, chemotherapy induced neutropenia
3) AEs: fever, diarrhea, neausea, vomiting, malaise, weakness, headache, chills, rash
