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Principle of Infectious Disease > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Immune System

A

Collection of cells, tissue, and molecules that mediate resistance to foreign elements (antigens)

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2
Q

Immune Response

A

Coordinated reaction of these cells and molecules to antigens

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3
Q

Immunology

A

Study of the immune system, including its responses to microbial pathogens and damaged tissues and its role in disease

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4
Q

Antigen

A

Antibody generator (generate an immune response)

Molecule that induce an immune response when introduced into the body

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5
Q

Epitope or antigenic determinant

A

Part of an antigen that is actually responsible for inducing the immune response and binding to the products of the immune response (lymphocyte receptors and antibodies)

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6
Q

When should immune responses be generated

A

when components of the immune system come into contact with non-self elements

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7
Q

What is the result of autoimmunity?

A

if the system does not discriminate foreign elements from components of its own organism

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8
Q

What are the two type of immune system defence?

A

Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity

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9
Q

What are the key features of innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers
Inflammation
Complement

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10
Q

What are the adaptive immunity key features?

A

Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity

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11
Q

What is the activation status of innate immunity

A

Always active

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12
Q

What is the activation status of Adaptive immunity?

A

Only when in contact with antigens

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13
Q

What are the main cells of innate immunity?

A

Macrophages, Neutrophils, NK cells

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14
Q

What is the response time for Innate immunity

A

Fast (minutes to hours)

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15
Q

What is the main cells of Adaptive immunity

A

T cells and B cells

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16
Q

What is the response time for adaptive immunity?

A

Slow (days to week)

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17
Q

what is innate immunity specificity

A

structure common to several pathogen

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18
Q

What is the memory of innate immunity?

A

Absent

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19
Q

What is the adaptive immunity specificity

A

Specific to epitope, typically unique to a pathogen

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20
Q

What is the memory of adaptive immunity?

A

Present

21
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

A

Components that are shared between different types pathogens and present a molecular composition that differs from “self”

  • pathogen is the trigger
22
Q

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns or DAMPs

A

Released when cells die* (intracellular DAMPs) or generated when connective tissue is damaged (extracellular DAMPs)

  • damage is the trigger
23
Q

What are PRP (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

A

Receptors of innate immunity that recognize PAMPs & DAMPs

Soluble or membrane-bound

Signalling or phagocytic

24
Q

What is this?

A

Neutrophil

25
Q

Describe the Neutrophils

A

Appearance: Segmented nucleus, granular cytoplasm

Location in health: Blood

Life span in health: 48-72 hours (relatively short life)

Primary function: Antimicrobial effectors, particularly in acute bacterial infection

Mechanism of action: Phagocytosis; Degranulation; Neutrophil extracellular trap formation

26
Q

What is this?

A

Eosinophils

27
Q

Describe Eosinophils

A

Appearance: Characteristic eosinophilic granules

Location in health: Blood and tissues lining gastrointestinal tract and airways

Life span in health: Days to weeks

Primary function: Antiparasitic effectors, particularly in helminthic infection; Some antiviral action; Roles in allergy

Mechanism of action: Degranulation; Limited phagocytosis

28
Q

Describe Basophil

A

Appearance: Characteristic blue-purple basophilic granules

Location in health: Blood

Life span in health: Days

Primary function: Mediator of inflammation

Mechanism of action: Degranulation

29
Q

What is this?

A

Basophil

30
Q

Describe Mast cells

A

Appearance: Round nucleus, cytoplasm densely packed with purple granules

Location in health: Tissue, particularly connective tissue surrounding vasculature and nerves, and the lamina propria of the mucosa

Life span in health: Weeks to months

Primary function: Immune surveillance, mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy

Mechanism of action: Detection of threats and release of response inflammatory mediators via degranulation (vasoactive amines)
or synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines

31
Q

What are the innate cells of the immune system

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells

32
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells

33
Q

What is the most important cell in the adaptive immune system

A

Dendritic cells

34
Q

Describe Dendritic cells

A

Appearance: Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape with long branched projections (dendrites)

Location in health: Tissues

Life span in health: Months

Primary function: Immune surveillance, antigen processing and presentation

Mechanism of action: Detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators; Endocytosis and phagocytosis

35
Q

What type of cell is this

A

Mast cell

36
Q

Describe Macrophages

A

Appearance: Round nucleus, clear-vacuolated cytoplasm, irregular cell shape
action small in

Location in health: Peripheral tissue

Life span in health: Months

Primary function: Immune surveillance, moderate antimicrobial capacity, limited antigen presentation

Mechanism of action: Detection of threats and release system of inflammatory mediators; Phagocytosis

37
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

NK Cells (Natural Killer)
Lymphocytes

38
Q

Describe Na Killer?

A

Appearance: Large lymphoid cell, round nucleus, azurophilic cytoplasmic granules

Location in health: Blood, spleen

Life span in health: Months

Primary function: Destruction of virally infected or abnormal host cells (including tumor cells)

Mechanism of action: Recognition of virally infected or abnormal host cells and targeted release of cytotoxic granules

39
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Macrophages

40
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Dendritic cell

41
Q

What type of cell is this

A

NK cell (Natural Killer)

42
Q

What type of cell is this?

A

Appearance: Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, high N:C ratio

Location in health: Blood, tissues, secondary lymphoid organs

Life span in health: Weeks to months, years (Memory cells)

43
Q

Describe Lymphocyte

A

Appearance: Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, high N:C ratio

Location in health: Blood, tissues, secondary lymphoid organs

Life span in health: Weeks to months, years (Memory cells)

44
Q

What are the two major types of lympthocytes

A

T cells and B cells

45
Q

Complement system

A

Collection of plasma proteins that are individually inert but can interact in a cascade once they are activated

Attacks the cellular membrane leading to cell death

Act as signalling molecules that recruit immune cells to inflammatory sites

46
Q

How does the immune system communicate ?

A

Cell-to-cell contact - using receptors and ligands
Cytokines

47
Q

What are receptors and ligands

A

Receptors
* Expressed on the surface of a cell or in intracellular compartments

Ligands
* Molecules that activate receptors
* Soluble or membrane-bound

48
Q

What are Cytokines

A

Proteins with diverse functions such as cell growth, activation

Interleukins
- Communication between cells

Chemokines
- Chemotaxis

Principle of Infectious Disease (5 decks)

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