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Classic Lit > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of innate vs adaptive immunity

A
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2
Q

Phagocytes

A

Macrophages:
* WBC
* englufs and digests pathogens
* found throughout body
* live several months
* antigen presenting, produce cytokines

Neutrophils: responsible for oral innate immunity
* WBC
* englufs pathogens
* found in bloodstream and tissues
* short lived (few days)
* inflammation is other function

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3
Q

Caraicoa-Pazmino 2019

macrophages

A
  • higher macrophages in disease
  • macrophage polarization reduced in periodontitis
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4
Q

Cell types and key features

A
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5
Q

Toll-like receptors

A
  • innate immune system
  • recognized conserved molecular patterns from microbes (PAMPs)
  • PAMP+TLR causes activation of macrophages and dendritic cells
  • These cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6)
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6
Q

TLR and TLR4

Mori 2003

A

crucial in periodontitis
TLR2 expression elevated in severe perio
TLR2 triggered by p. gingivalis (RANKL stimulation through TLR2 (Kassem et al 2015))
TLR4 associated with A.A.

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7
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A
  • diverse group of naturally occurring peptides that exhibit antimicrobial activity.
  • first line of defense
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8
Q

Complement proteins

A

30 plasma proteins
Activated by:
* antibodies
* lectins (bind to carbohydrates of pathogens)
* C-reactive protein: released by liver during inflammation
* bacterial cell surface

Functions:
* opsonization (coats pathogens)
* chemotaxis (attracts phagocytes)
* inflammation (pathogen destruction and tissue repaire)
* Direct killing (MAC)

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9
Q

Complement pathways

Merle et al 2015

A
  1. Classical (activated by pathogen-bound antibodies)
  2. Lectin (activated by lectins, proteins bound to carbohydrates on surface of pathogen)
  3. Alternative (activated by CRP and bacterial surface)
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10
Q

Complement pathways

A
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11
Q

Complement and Periodontitis

A

complement is elevated in perio (Hajishengallis 2015) and reduced after SRP (Hajishengallis 2017)

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12
Q

Cytokine functions

A
  1. activate immune cells
  2. recruit cells to site of infection
  3. promotion of inflammation
  4. produce antimicrobial peptides
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13
Q

Key cytokines in periodontitis

A
  1. TNF alpha and IL-1: central role in innate IS, active and directs immune cells to sites, inflammation
  2. Interferons: inhibit bacterial replication
  3. Chemokines: recruit immune cells
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14
Q

Cytokine families

A

Interleukins: cell to cell communication
IL-1, 2, 4, 6, 10

Interferons: antiviral (inhibit replication and spread)
INF alpha, beta, gamma

Tumor necrosis factor: inflammation and cell death
TNF alpha and beta

Chemokines: immune cell migration
IL-8, CCL2,5

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15
Q

Types of t-cells

A

Helper T-cells (CD4+) (B-cell maturation into plasma cells, activat Tc cells)
Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+) (kill infected cells)
Regulatory T-cells (suppress immune system)
Memory T-cells (remember antigens)

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16
Q

Gonzales 2015

A

Th17 (releases IL17; and IL-22)
IL22 influence osteoclastogensis in chronic perio

17
Q

Factors that reduce perio disease

Alvarez et al 2018

A

IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta

18
Q

Types of b cells

A

plasma cells: produce and secrete antibodies
memory cells: store antigens for future needs

19
Q

B cells in perio

Han et al 2006

A

b-cells activator for receptor of RANKL, lead to osteoclast differentiation

20
Q

Ikebuchi et al 2018

A

Osteocytic RANKL has important role in osteoclatogenesis during remodelling

vesicular rank, secreted by maturing osteoclasts, binds osteoblastic RANKL and promote bone formation by trigerring reverse signalling through RANKL

21
Q

Antibody classes

A
  1. IgG: most abundant in blood
  2. IgM: first responder to pathogen
  3. IgA: Found in mucous membranes
  4. IgD: antigen receptor on be cells
  5. IgE: role in allergies, releases histamine
22
Q

Antibody structure

A

Y-shaped

four polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light

variable region: located on arms of the Y, recognize and bind to specific pathogen

Constant region: located on the stem of the Y, determine class of antibody

23
Q

Antibody functions

A

Neutralizations (by binding to key components)

opsonization (aid phagocytes)

agglutination (pathogens clump together)

activate complement

stimulate immune cells

24
Q

Key aspects of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
  3. Diversity
  4. Self and non-self discrinimation
25
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  1. Redness (rubor)
  2. Heat (calor)
  3. Swelling (tumor)
  4. Pain (dolor)
  5. Loss of function (functio laesa)
26
Q

Page and Schroeder 1976

A

Initial lesion: 2-4 days, leukocyte infiltrates, vasodilation

Early lesion (early gingivitis): 4-7 days, neutrophil infiltrate, loss of collagen adjacent JE

Established lesion (chronic gingivitis): 2-3 weeks, plasma cells present, loss of collagen fibers

Advanced lesion: periodontitis, apical epithelial migration, bone loss

27
Q

RANKL and OPG

A

RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa) is a receptor expressed on osteoclasts

RANKL is produced by osteoblasts, activated B and T cells, dendritic cells

28
Q

Sui et al 2020

A

Nanomaterials allow for targetted drug delivery, allowing for low toxiity and ability to promote tissue regeneration

29
Q

Epigenetics of perio

A

Perio causes lasting changes in myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow, enhancing immune response.

Classic Lit (12 decks)

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