immunology

Question 1

adaptive immune system

Answer 1

superheros
B cells and t cells
get trained up to fight villains
encounter the villain which they recognise from training
defeat it
then even stronger cus they remember what they learn

Question 2

innate immune system ways

Answer 2

frontline soldiers
When it senses trouble, it sends out signals to call for reinforcements and starts swelling up the area to trap and kill the invaders
phagocytes. These are like little Pac-Man cells that gobble up anything suspicious, like bacteria or dead cells, to keep the castle clean and safe.

innate immune system is like your body’s quick-response team

complement proteins
phagocytes
Basopjils
Mast cells
NK cells

Question 3

type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 3

immune complex

hours

antibodies attack antigens, they form little clumps. These clumps can settle in different parts of your body, like your joints or your skin, causing inflammation and damage

SLE and RA
farmers lung
post strep glomerulonephritis

Question 4

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 4

fast and furious. immediate

histamine release when body in contact with soemthing it thinks is harmful eg pollen or foods

allergies and asthma itching
schistosomiasis

Question 5

type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 5

fast . bound antigen

case of mistaken identity

starts attacking your own body cells instead of the actual invaders

autoimmune diseases

hashimotos
graves
immune haemolytic anaemia
haemolytic disease of newborn
blood transfusion reaction

Question 6

type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 6

delayed reaction (24-72h)

T cell mediated

get activated and start causing inflammation when they encounter something they think is harmful.

contact dermatitis
Hep B virus
coeliac antibodies against TtG
MS antibodies against CNS
RA anti CCP, RF
Type 1 diabetes - antibodies against pancreatic islets

mantoux test for TB
nickel and gold
poison ivy

Question 7

adaptive immune system mediators type 1

Answer 7

IgE

Question 8

adaptive immune system mediators type 2

Answer 8

IgG

Question 9

adaptive immune system mediators type 3

Answer 9

IgG

Question 10

adaptive immune system mediators type

Answer 10

T cells

Question 11

innate immune system mediators type 1

Answer 11

mast cells
eosinophils

Question 12

innate immune system mediators type 2

Answer 12

complement
phagocytes

Question 13

innate immune system mediators type 3

Answer 13

complement netrophils

Question 14

innate immune system mediators type 4

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

sensitisation

Answer 15

term to describe the initial event that lead to the specific IgE being developed for that allergen

Question 16

what can be measured to confirm anaphylaxis

Answer 16

Mast cell tryptase will be raised

Question 17

investigation for type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 17

skin prick testing

Question 18

investigation for type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 18

patch test for contact dermatitis

Question 19

treatment type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 19

B2 adrenergic agonists- salbutamol
epinephrine
antihistamines
LTRA- montelukast
corticosteroids

Question 20

treatment for type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 20

prevention by avoiding antigens
NSAID
corticosteroids
TNFa and IL6 i
B cell antibodies
immunosuppression

Question 21

rejection (transplantation)

Answer 21

damage done by immune system to transplanted organ

Question 22

autologous transplant

Answer 22

tissue returning to same individual after a period outside the body, usually in a frozen state

Question 23

Syngeneic/Isograft Transplant is

Answer 23

transplant between identical twins; there is usually no problem with graft rejection

Question 24

Allogeneic Transplant is

Answer 24

between genetically nonidentical members of the same species; there is always a risk of rejection

Question 25

Cadaveric transplantation is

Answer 25

transplanting organs from a dead donor

Question 26

Xenogeneic transplant takes place

Answer 26

between different species and carries the highest risk of rejection

Question 27

criteria for transplantation

Answer 27

There must be good evidence that the damage is irreversible That alternative treatments are not applicable The disease must not recur

Question 28

methods to minimise risk of rejection

Answer 28

The donor and recipient must be ABO compatible The recipient must not have anti-donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies The donor should be selected with as close as possible HLA match to the recipient The patient must take immunosuppressive treatment

Question 29

hyperacute rejection

Answer 29

rejection of transplantation within minutes to hours due to preformed antibodies binding to either ABO blood group or HLA class I antigens on the graft, which triggers a type II hypersensitivity reaction and the graft is destroyed by vascular thrombosis.

Question 30

Acute Rejection

Answer 30

rejection of transplantation within days to weeks due to CD8/CD4 T cells activated against donor HLA triggering a type IV hypersensitivity reaction

Question 31

chronic rejection

Answer 31

within months to years due to CD4 T cells responding to recipient APCs presenting donor peptides, including allogeneic MHC

Question 32

a donor must match a min of how many HLA markers

Answer 32

6

Question 33

HLA cross matching

Answer 33

B cells from donor blood are mixed with recipient serum to ensure that the donor has not made any antibodies against donor antigens

Question 34

HLA typing

Answer 34

genetic test used to identify immune system HLA variations

Question 35

graft vs host disease

Answer 35

fatal type IV hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when grafted immunocompetent T cells (from bone marrow, or stem cells) proliferate in the immunocompromised host and reject host cells with ‘’foreign’’ proteins, commonly occuring in allogenic stem cell transplantation.

Question 36

what do u give prior to stem cell transplant

Answer 36

high dose chemo with/without radiotherapy

Question 37

prevention of hyperacute rejection

Answer 37

Careful ABO and HLA cross-matching

Question 38

prevention of acute rejection

Answer 38

Careful HLA cross-matching

Question 39

prevention of GvHD

Answer 39

Immunosuppressive drugs even if the donor and recipient are HLA identical

Question 40

agents used to inhibit T cell activation for treatment of graft rejection

Answer 40

Anti-IL-2R (Basiliximab and Daclizumab) Anti-T-Cell and Anti-Calcineurin (Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus) mTOR Inhibition (Rapamycin) Antiproliferatives (Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate, Mofetil)