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MED4 CPY > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions (4) of complements and respective mediators

A
  1. Inflammation (C3a, C5a)
  2. Opsonization (C3b)
  3. Lysis (C5b, 6~9)
  4. Immune complex removal (C1,4,2,3b)
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2
Q

3 activation pathways of complements

A
  1. Classical
  2. Lectin
  3. Alternative
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3
Q

Which bacteria is related to C5~9 deficiency?

A

Neisseria

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4
Q

What disease is associated with C1/4/2 deficiency?

A

immune complex disease

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5
Q

MHC-I vs MHC-II

A

MHC-I:
A,B,C [all nucleated cells]
present to CD8+ T cells

MHC-II:
DP,DQ,DR [antigen-presenting cells]
present to CD4+ T cells

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6
Q

Functions of antibodies (6)

A

toxin neutralization
complement activation
agglutination
opsonization
mast cell degranulation
antibody-mediated cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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7
Q

Which antibody isotype can cross placenta?

A

IgG

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8
Q

Which antibody isotype is a: pentamer? dimer?

A

IgM
IgA

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9
Q

Compare T-dependent and independent pathways of B cell activation

A

T-dependent:
✓ isotype switching to IgA & IgG
✓ memory

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10
Q

Key processes for B cell maturation (3)

A

Gene rearrangement
Affinity maturation (somatic hypermutation & clonal selection)
Isotype switching

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11
Q

Which site of thymus does positive and negative selection of T cells occur?

A

cortex
medulla

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12
Q

3 key signals for activation of T cells

A

MHC-TCR signal
Co-stimulatory signal (CD28 + CD80/86)
IL-2

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13
Q

Cytokines released by Th1,2, Treg

A

Th1: IFN-γ, IL-2
Th2: IL-4,5,13
Treg: IL-10, TGF-β

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14
Q

What is central tolerance and peripheral tolerance in immunology?

A

autoreactive immature lymphocytes are identified and removed in primary lymphoid organs (i.e. negative selection)

protection against autoreactive mature lymphocytes in peripheral tissues by Treg cells or deprivation of activation signals

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of Hyper IgM syndrome

A

CD40L / CD40 deficiency –> impaired T-dependent B cell activation –> ↑ IgM

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16
Q

Genes for agammaglobulinaemia

A

BTK / BLINK

17
Q

Pathogenesis of chronic granulomatous disease

A

mutation in one subunit of NADPH oxidase complex –> phagocytes susceptible to catalase-positive pathogens –> phagocytes with live phagocytosed pathogens –> granuloma

18
Q

Pathogenesis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency

A

adhesion molecules deficiency –> ⨉ entry of neutrophils into infected tissues –> unresolved infection with no pus formation

(↑ ↑ neutrophils)

19
Q

3 forms of allograft rejection and time

A

hyperacute (mins ~ 1w)
acute (days ~ 6m)
chronic (months ~ years)

20
Q

Where do pre-formed anti-donor HLA Ab come from? (3) How to prevent the resulting rejection?

A

multiple blood transfusions (e.g. long-term dialysis)
multiple pregnancies
previous allograft rejection

Cross-matching

21
Q

2 exceptions for ABO group typing in allograft transplant

A

graft that do not express ABO Ag (cornea, heart valve, HSCs…)

young infant recipient (low Ab level)

22
Q

For HLA typing, which type are required in organ transplant and HSCT?

A

organ transplant: A,B,DR
HSCT: all 6

23
Q

Exception for cross-matching in allograft transplant (why? (2))

A

liver graft
(large size, good regeneration ability)

24
Q

How to revert acute allograft rejection episode? (2)

A

high-dose IV steroid
anti T-cell Ab

25
Q

Immunosuppression regimen in transplantation

A
  1. Induction:
    • anti-T cell Ab
  2. Long-term prevention:
    a. corticosteroid
    b. cytotoxic drug
    c. T-cell activation inhibitor
26
Q

3 phase of immune surveillance

A

elimination, equilibrium, escape

27
Q

What is CAR T-cell therapy? What is its major side effect?

A

T cells that express chimeric antigen receptor to kill tumour cells

cytokine release syndrome

28
Q

Which immune cell is applied in tumour vaccines?

A

dendritic cells

29
Q

2 ways to solve immune checkpoints activation to treat cancer

A

anti-PDL1 antibody / anti-PD1 antibody

anti-CTLA4 antibody

–> preserve activation of anti-tumour T cells

30
Q

2 portions of CAR in CAT T cell therapy

A

Extracellular portion (variable domain of Ab)
Cytoplasmic portion (T-cell signalling domain)

31
Q

Side effects of immunosuppression in transplantation

A

↑ infection
↑ incidence of malignancy and toxicity
cyclosporine: HT, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity
steroid S/E

MED4 CPY (14 decks)

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