immunology

Question 1

which immune cell components target bacteria

Answer 1

phagocytes
antibody and B lymphocytes
complement

Question 2

which immune cell components target viruses

Answer 2

T lymphocytes
antibody and B lymphocytes

Question 3

which immune cell components target fungi

Answer 3

phagocytes
T lymphocytes
eosinophils

Question 4

which immune cell components target protozoa

Answer 4

T lymphocytes
eosinophils

Question 5

which immune cell components target worms

Answer 5

eosinophils
mast cells

Question 6

how do CD4+ T and NK cells arise

Answer 6

lymphoid progenitor cells migrate into the thymus from the bone marrow

Question 7

what do T cells able to recognise MHC-I develop into

Answer 7

CD8+ T cells

Question 8

what do T cells able to recognise MHC-II develop into

Answer 8

CD4+ T cells

Question 9

what happens to T cells that recognise MHC/self-peptide antigens with high affinity

Answer 9

deleted or inactivated

Question 10

what is the role of the spleen (2)

Answer 10

site of antigen presentation to mature lymphocytes
stores red blood cells and immature monocytes

Question 11

where are acute phase proteins synthesised in response to inflammation

Answer 11

liver

Question 12

name some skin resident immune cells

Answer 12

macrophages
mast cells
NK cells
dendritic cells

Question 13

how do macrophages arise

Answer 13

circulating monocytes enter into tissues and differentiate into macrophages

Question 14

role of macrophages

Answer 14

phagocytosis

Question 15

role of mast cells

Answer 15

important against parasites and in allergic reactions

Question 16

role of NK cells

Answer 16

anti-viral immunity and killing abnormal tumour cells

Question 17

where are mast cells found (2)

Answer 17

between tissues and the external environment
endothelial layer of blood vessels

Question 18

which are the main antigen presenting cells

Answer 18

dendritic cells

Question 19

role of dendritic cells

Answer 19

activate naïve and memory T cells

Question 20

which immune cells are recruited during acute inflammation

Answer 20

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes

Question 21

role of neutrophils

Answer 21

recruited to the sites of inflammation and infection, kill extracellular organisms

Question 22

name the 3 ways in which neutrophils kill organisms

Answer 22

degranulation
phagocytosis
NETosis

Question 23

what happens during NETosis

Answer 23

pathogens are localised and trapped in a sticky meshwork of chromatin

Question 24

what are the 2 main phases of adaptive immunity

Answer 24

cellular and humoral

Question 25

what are the 2 main types of cells in cellular adaptive immunity

Answer 25

CD4+ helper T cells CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

Question 26

role of cytotoxic T cells

Answer 26

kill infected cells

Question 27

role of helper T cells

Answer 27

enhance the function of other innate and adaptive immune cells

Question 28

role of Th2 cells

Answer 28

drive IgE-mediated allergic responses

Question 29

what is the importance of opsonisation

Answer 29

antibodies and complement bind to foreign antigens to help facilitate phagocytosis (makes them recognisable)

Question 30

what are the types of tissue rejection

Answer 30

hyperacute, acute, chronic

Question 31

what usually causes acute tissue rejection

Answer 31

specific lymphocytes recognise non-self HLA/MHC variants in the grafted tissue

Question 32

which types of hypersensitivity reactions are usually involved tissue rejection

Answer 32

type 2 and 4

Question 33

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 33

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 34

what is type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 34

IgG-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Question 35

what is type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 35

immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

Question 36

what is type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 36

cell mediated hypersensitivity

Question 37

what happens in type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 37

an allergen binds to IgE causes degranulation of the mast cells the IgE is bound to

Question 38

what happens in type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 38

cells are destroyed by bound antibody, either by activation of complement or by a cytotoxic T cells

Question 39

what happens in type 3 hypersensitivity

Answer 39

antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues causes activation of complement which attracts neutrophils to the site

Question 40

what happens in type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 40

Th1 cells secrete cytokines activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells and can cause macrophage accumulation at the site