Immunology

Question 1

Mast cells are: derived from / found in / contain:

Answer 1

Bone marrow cells / connective tissue / cytosolic vesicles filled with histamine

Question 2

Macrophages are derived from?

Answer 2

Monocytes that have left the blood stream

Question 3

Cytokine:

Answer 3

Protein messenger involved in immune response; how various immune cells communicate

Question 4

Identity tags that tell innate immune cells a substance is foreign are typically made of:

Answer 4

Classes of CARBOHYDRATES or LIPIDS that are typically found in bacterial cell wall.

Question 5

First protein activated in Alternate Pathway? / What immune system activates it?

Answer 5

C3 / Innate

Question 6

Whereas recognizing carbohydrates and lipids as foreign is key to innate immunity, recognizing _________ is key to adaptive immunity?

Answer 6

Recognizing foreign substances based on specific proteins they produce

Question 7

Interferon

Answer 7

Antiviral protein involved in innate immunity

Question 8

What do neutrophils do?

Answer 8

Phagocytosis, release chemicals involved in inflammation (cytokines)

Question 9

Eosinophils

Answer 9

Destroy multicellular parasites, participate in hypersensitivity reactions

Question 10

Target for Cytotoxic T (CD 8) cells:

Answer 10

Body’s own cells that have been infected–virus-infected cells, cancer cells, tissue transplants

Question 11

Role of Helper T Cells (CD4):

Answer 11

Secrete cytokines that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, & NK cells

Question 12

Macrophages do the following 4 things:

Answer 12

Phagocytosis / Extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals / Present antigens to CD4 / Secrete cytokines

Question 13

Classical Complement Pathway: starts with / required to activate this pathway?

Answer 13

C1 / Antibodies produced by B cells

Question 14

Non-specific immunity activates which pathway? / This pathway starts with / This pathway bypasses / How is it activated?

Answer 14

Alternative Complement Pathway / Starts with C3 / Bypasses C1 / carbohydrate on microbe surface contacting circulating inactive complements beyond C1

Question 15

Role of C3?

Answer 15

Opsonization - Deposits C3b on microbial cell wall, marking it for destruction by phagocytes.

Question 16

At the end of the Complement Cascade, what is activated?

Answer 16

MAC - membrane attack complex

Question 17

MAC / activated by / kills microbes by

Answer 17

Membrane Attack Complex / Complement Cascade / Binding to microbial membrane and making it leaky

Question 18

Cytotoxic T Cells Attack _____________

Answer 18

The body’s own cells that have been infected

Question 19

Difference in B Cell & plasma cell vs T Cell LOCATION:

Answer 19

B Cells stay in one place and produce antibodies / T cells enter blood & go to the location of the infected cells

Question 20

Antigen Binding Site / Fc Portion of Antibody:

Answer 20

Where the heavy and light chains come together at the top / bottom part of the heavy chain

Question 21

Why are MHC proteins important?

Answer 21

T cells cannot bind with antigens unless the antigens are complexed with these proteins

Question 22

MHC 1 is found where / MHC 1 binds to?:

Answer 22

Found on all nucleated cells, i.e all your cells except RBCs / CD 8 on Cytotoxic T

Question 23

MHC 2 is found on / MHC 2 binds to?

Answer 23

Found on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B Cells / CD 4 on Helper T

Question 24

List the Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) / What do two systems do they link?:

Answer 24

Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, B Cells / Adaptive and Innate immune systems

Question 25

What are the main targets of NK cells? / Why are they considered part of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 25

Virus-infected cells and cancerous cells / b/c their activity is enhanced by cytokines.

Question 26

Describe Clonal Deletion and Clonal Inactivation / Why are they important?

Answer 26

T cells in thymus of fetus --> exposed to self proteins --> after birth, those w/receptors able to bind to self are destroyed via apoptosis or made inactive / so our antibodies do not attack self

Question 27

How do antibodies kill a microbe?

Answer 27

Not directly; Fc receptor binds to phagocyte & attaches microbe to phagocyte

Question 28

IgG

Answer 28

Most common circulating antibody; Crosses the placenta so is transferred from mom to child; formed late in primary and throughout secondary immune response

Question 29

IgA

Answer 29

Found in breast milk; secreted by cells lining GI, GU, Resp tracts

Question 30

IgM / target

Answer 30

Biggest antibody (pentameter w/10 binding sites); IgG and IgM are the main antibodies produced by B Cells & involved in adaptive immunity; first antibodies secreted to new antigen / toxins for clumping

Question 31

IgE

Answer 31

Parasites / allergic response

Question 32

How do antibodies kill microbes?

Answer 32

Not directly, but rather, by linking them up w/ a phagocyte; phagocyte has Fc receptor

Question 33

What activates the Classic Complement Pathway?

Answer 33

IgG or IgM bound to antigen

Question 34

Describe the Classic Complement Pathway:

Answer 34

IgG or IgM is bound to antigen --> C1 binds to binding site on Fc portion of antibody --> entire pathway is activated

Question 35

End product of Complement Pathway? / What does it do?

Answer 35

MAC / kills foreign substance by making membrane leaky

Question 36

What is Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity? / What can antibodies link microbes to?

Answer 36

Antibodies linking microbes up w other cells for destruction / Phagocyte, NK Cell (C1)

Question 37

What can bind to the Fc portion of an antibody?

Answer 37

C1, Phagocyte, NK Cell

Question 38

Active Immunity:

Answer 38

Vaccine; exposure --> memory cells --> quicker responses

Question 39

Passive Immunity / Examples / duration:

Answer 39

Direct transfer of antibodies (IgG across placenta, IgA in breast milk) / Short lived immunity

Question 40

An individual with type AB blood has which antibodies? / Someone with B blood? / O?

Answer 40

Neither A nor B antibodies / anti-A antibody / Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Question 41

Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I) - Example / Explanation:

Answer 41

Anaphylaxis, asthma / IgE mediated; Mast cells bind to Fc site of IgE, triggering mast cells to secrete histamine.

Question 42

Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity (Type II) - Example / Explanation:

Answer 42

Hemolytic Anemia / Mediated by antibodies that lead to damage or destruction of cells

Question 43

Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity (Type III) - Example / Explanation:

Answer 43

Damage to renal corpuscle / IgG and IgM antibodies bind large numbers of antigens; antigen-antibody complex are deposited in tissue and cause damage

Question 44

Delayed Hypersensitivity (Type IV) - Example / Explanation:

Answer 44

TB Skin Test; NOT ANTIBODY MEDIATED; mediated by helper T cells and macrophages secreting cytokines

Question 45

Components of Innate Immune System (4):

Answer 45

Inflammatory mediators / Phagocytic Cells / Interferons / Complement

Question 46

Components of Adaptive Immune System (2):

Answer 46

B Cells, T Cells

Question 47

Most prevalent to least prevalent sites of erythropoietic tissue (red bone marrow):

Answer 47

Vertebra > Sternum > Rib > Femur > Tibia

Question 48

Neutrophil response to presence of infection:

Answer 48

Stimulated by chemoattractant --> Margination (gets to side of vessel), Rolling, Adhesion, Diapedesis (leaves vessel)

Question 49

Neutrophils are more/less prevalent, live shorter/longer, phagocytize more/less than macrophages? / which is found in healthy tissue?

Answer 49

More, shorter, less / Macrophages

Question 50

C-Reactive Protein is produced by the _______ / binds to ___________ / acts as ___________

Answer 50

Liver / Carbohydrates and lipids in microbial cell walls / opsonin

Question 51

Type II Interferon is only produced by:

Answer 51

NK and Helper T

Question 52

Who releases and who responds to Il-1 and TNF?

Answer 52

Secreted by macrophages / activates Helper T

Question 53

Who releases / responds to Il-2?

Answer 53

Helper T / themselves and other immune cells

Question 54

Complement is a:

Answer 54

Plasma protein / zymogen

Question 55

What is a zymogen? / What catalyzes the rx that cleaves / activates Complement?

Answer 55

Enzyme in inactive form / Fc portion of antibody

Question 56

Target of IgM?

Answer 56

Toxins for clumping

Question 57

Antibody responsible for primary response to antigen?

Answer 57

IgM

Question 58

Antibody responsible for secondary response to antigen?

Answer 58

IgG

Question 59

APCs release _________________ to activate Helper T:

Answer 59

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

Question 60

Th2 releases ______________ to activate ____________

Answer 60

IL4, 5, 6 / B Cells

Question 61

Th1 releases ______________ to activate ______________

Answer 61

IL-2 and Interferon Gamma / T Cells