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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main phases of the internal immune response?

A

Innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific)

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2
Q

What is the first line of defense against external pathogens?

A

Physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers

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3
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells that carry out the internal immune response

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4
Q

What are immunogens?

A

Substances that trigger the body’s immune response

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5
Q

What are antigens?

A

Immunogens that react with products of the immune system, and trigger an immune response

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6
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Thymus gland and bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • Encapsulated tissues = spleen & lymph nodes
  • Non-encapsulated tissues = tonsils & MALT (including GALT)
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8
Q

What is the role of the thymus gland?

A

T cell maturation

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9
Q

What happens in the bone marrow?

A

Immune cells form and mature

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10
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filters blood, removes old RBCs

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11
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Immune cells capture pathogens in the lymphatic circulation

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12
Q

Where are hematopoietic stem cells located?

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

What do myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, platelets

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14
Q

What do lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells

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15
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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16
Q

What do monocytes become?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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17
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine secretion

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18
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

Antigen presentation, initiate adaptive immune response

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19
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria and fungi, release of enzymes and antimicrobial proteins

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20
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Combat parasitic infections, allergic reactions

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21
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, allergic response, defend against parasites

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22
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Release histamine and other chemicals during allergic reactions and inflammation, wound healing, defence against parasites

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23
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Kill virus-infected cells and tumour cells

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24
Q

Function of helper T cells (CD4+)

A

Assist other immune cells by releasing cytokines and enhancing the immune response via activating and directing B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages

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25
Function of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
Kill infected or cancerous cells
26
Function of B cells
Produce antibodies, present antigens to T cells, differentiate into plasma and memory B cells
27
What is self-tolerance?
Lack of immune response by lymphocytes to cells of the body
28
Where does T cell maturation occur?
Thymus
29
What is positive selection of T cells?
T cells that can recognise self MHC molecules survive
30
What is negative selection of T cells?
T cells that strongly bind to self-antigens undergo apoptosis
31
What is central tolerance?
Tolerance process in thymus and bone marrow
32
What is peripheral tolerance?
Tolerance process in secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral tissues
33
What is anergy?
T cells that recognize self-antigens without co-stimulatory signals become inactive
34
What is the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?
Regulating and controlling the immune system's response, primarily by suppressing unwanted inflammation and preventing autoimmunity
35
Where are MHC class I molecules found?
Almost all nucleated cells
36
What is the function of MHC class I molecules?
Present endogenous antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
37
Where are MHC class II molecules found?
Mainly on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
38
What is the function of MHC class II molecules?
Present exogenous antigens to CD4+ helper T cells
39
Key features of innate immune response
Non-specific, immediate response, no memory
40
Key components of innate immune response
Physical and chemical barriers, cellular components (phagocytes, NK cells), molecules (complement, etc.)
41
What are PAMPs?
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
42
What are PRRs?
Pattern recognition receptors
43
What is chemotaxis?
Process by which immune cells migrate to sites of inflammation or infection in response to chemical stimuli
44
What are opsonins?
Molecules that enhance phagocytosis
45
What is phagocytosis?
Process by which phagocytes engulf and ingest pathogens
46
Steps of phagocytosis
Recognition/attachment, engulfment, fusion, digestion, exocytosis
47
What is extravasation?
Process by which immune cells exit the bloodstream and enter tissues
48
Steps of extravasation
Rolling, activation, adhesion, transmigration, migration
49
Functions of the complement system
Opsonisation, chemotaxis, cell lysis, inflammation
50
What is the MAC?
Membrane attack complex
51
What does the MAC do?
Forms pores in pathogen membranes, leading to cell lysis
52
Signs of inflammation
Redness, heat, swelling, pain
53
Role of cytokines
Regulation of immune response, cell signaling, chemotaxis, activation of immune cells
54
What are pyrogens?
Substances that cause fever
55
Purpose of fever
Enhances immune response, inhibits pathogen growth
56
Key features of adaptive immune response
Antigen-specific, memory, slower first response, stronger second response
57
Cells involved in adaptive immune response
B cells and T cells
58
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies
59
Types of T cells
Helper T cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
60
Basic structure of an antibody
Y-shaped molecule, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains
61
What is the variable region (Fab) of an antibody?
Tips of the Y, antigen-binding site
62
What is the constant region (Fc) of an antibody?
Stem of the Y, determines antibody class
63
What is an antigen?
Any substance that can be recognised by the immune system and elicit an immune response
64
What is an epitope?
Specific part of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody
65
Characteristics of primary immune response
Occurs upon first exposure, lag phase, slow response, mainly IgM antibodies
66
Characteristics of secondary immune response
Occurs upon subsequent exposure, faster and stronger, mainly IgG antibodies, memory cells involved
67
IgG antibodies
Most abundant, long-term immunity, cross placenta
68
IgM antibodies
First antibody produced, pentamer, effective in agglutination and complement activation
69
IgA antibodies
Found in mucosal areas, dimer in secretions
70
IgE antibodies
Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites, binds to mast cells and basophils
71
IgD antibodies
Functions as a receptor on B cells, role in B cell activation
72
Function of Cytotoxic T cells
Kill infected cells, cancer cells, and cells with intracellular pathogens by releasing perforin and granzymes or activating Fas
73
Function of Helper T cells
Activate and coordinate the immune response by releasing cytokines
74
B cell activation
Antigen recognition, antigen presentation, T cell interaction, co-stimulation, clonal expansion
75
Antibody production
Plasma cells secrete antibodies, memory B cells provide a rapid response upon re-exposure
76
How do cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells?
Cytotoxic T cells kill virus-infected cells using enzymes known as caspases. These caspases lead to the chopping up of both viral and host DNA, resulting in the death of the infected cell.

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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