Immunology 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
IgM
first made
IgG
long term
IgA
respiratory tract
Passive Immunity
- conferred from mother to child. Mother’s antibodies are passed through the placenta to the child conferring immunity to pathogens that the mother has been exposed to and mounted a response to. Immunoglobulins can also be passed through breast milk. Usually lasts only through the first year of life
Acquired Passive Immunity
- Immunoglobulin (Ig)- which are synthesized from blood from exposed people or animals, can be given to treat infections
Conjugate vaccines
- work against the polysaccharide coating on the outside of a bacteria. The vaccine links a known and recognized antigen from a pathogen to a vaccine against the polysaccharide to allow the immune system to create antibodies
These vaccines work well in infants and children (immature immune systems)
Type I hypersentivity
- Allergy
- involve IgE antibody and the triggering of mast cells
- characterized by erythema, edema, swelling of tissue (most importantly swelling of the respiratory tract), itching and rash
Type II hypersensitivity reactions
-which a drug binds to the cell surface and serves as a target for anti-drug IgG antibodies that cause destruction of the cell
Type III hypersensitivity reactions
- involve antigen:antibody complexes
- Serum sickness is a classic example of a transient immune complex-mediated syndrome
- An injection of a foreign protein or proteins leads to an antibody response
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions
-are T cell-mediated
-In individuals who have previously been exposed to the pathogen, either by infection with the pathogen or by immunization
Example: immunization with BCG, will produce swelling when a patient is given a PPD
Human leucocyte antigens (HLAs)
are cell surface molecules found on all nucleated cells
HLA class I antigens
recognizes cells as “self”
sub-classified “A, B or C”
HLA class II antigens
- attach pathogens and engage t-helper cells
- stimulate the immune system and there receptors are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and activated T-lymphocytes
Ankylosing spondylitis associated with
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis associated with
Graves’ disease associated with
Hereditary hemochromatosis associated with
HLA-B27 HLA-DR5 HLA-B8 HLA- A3, B7, and B14
Graft rejection occurs when
the immune cells (T-lymphocytes) of the recipient recognize specific HLA antigens on the donor’s organ as foreign
graft versus host disease (GVHD)
- T-lymphocytes present in the grafted tissue may recognize the host tissues as foreign and produce a cell-mediated immune response against the recipient
- organ doesn’t recognize body
primary immunodeficiency treatment
-treat intercurrent infections, immunoglobulin or interferon to boost the immune system functioning
Thymic aplasia (DiGeorge’s syndrome):
there are genetic defects of the thymus and often the parathyroid glands and heart, associated with T-cell dysfunction and significant immune deficiency
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID):
a group of rare congenital diseases in which there is severe and usually fatal immune deficiency.
Common variable immunodeficiency:
this is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by hypogammaglobulinanemia (decrease in the amount of antibodies that are produced)
Thymoma and hypogammaglobulinaemia are characterized by
low numbers of B cells and a distinctive T-cell abnormality
X-linked (Bruton’s agammoglobulinaemia):
the agammaglobulinaemia is an X-linked immunodeficiency in which there is a failure to produce mature B lymphocyte cells.
Lack of IgA impairs the bodies defense against
pathogens at the mucosal surfaces, may lead to URI
Secondary immunodeficiency
A defect in a part of the immune system functioning secondary to systemic disorder, immunosuppressive treatment or prolonged serious illness
The defect could be a loss of IgG or other immunoglobulins, loss of lymphocytes or deficit of other WBC’s
