immunology 3

Question 1

Tumor Markers

Answer 1

proteins released into the serum by tumors that can be used to screen populations for cancer and to monitor for recurrence after treatment

Question 2

PSA, CEA, Alpha Fetoprotein

Answer 2

lack specific and sensitivity for early detection of cancer

Question 3

PSA

Answer 3

prostate specific antigen and prostatic adenocarcinonma

Question 4

CEA

Answer 4

carcinoembryonic antigen and carcinomas of the colon, pancreases, stomach, breast
BS PC

Question 5

Alpha Fetoprotein

Answer 5

hepatocellular carcinoma, teratocarcinomas, embryonal cell carcinomas
-most likely used in the screening of patients for cancer

Question 6

Tumor antigens

Answer 6

CTLs are the major immune defense mechanism against tumors

Question 7

Tumor specific antigens

Answer 7

only on tumor cells (oncogenes and anti-oncogenes)

Question 8

Tumor Associated antigens

Answer 8

on tumor an some normal cells

Question 9

Benign tumor

Answer 9

its microscopic and gross characteristics are relatively innocent, implying that it will remain localized and is amenable to local surgical removal

Question 10

neoplasia

Answer 10

new growth

Question 11

oncology

Answer 11

study of tumor

Question 12

malignant tumor

Answer 12

collectively referred to as cancer, the lesion can invade and destroy adjacent structures and spread to distant sites to cause death

Question 13

Differentiation and Anaplasia

Answer 13

benign neoplasms are composed of well-differentiated cells that closely resemble their normal counterparts
-lack of differentiation, or anaplasia, is a hallmark of malignancy

Question 14

Rate of Growth

Answer 14

• benign neoplasms are slow growing
• correlates inversely with level of differentiation of malignant tumors i.e. poorly differentiate tumors grow more rapidly

Question 15

Local Invasion

Answer 15

• benign neoplasms remain localized to site of origin

- malignant tumors grow by progressive infiltration, invasion, destruction, and penetration

Question 16

Metastasis

Answer 16

• secondary implants of a tumor that are discontinuous with the primary tumor and located in remote tissues
• the more anapestic and the larger the primary neoplasms, the more likely is metastatic spread

Question 17

Cachexia

Answer 17

progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia

Question 18

What causes cachexia

Answer 18

release of cytokines by the tumor or host

Question 19

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Answer 19

systemic symptoms that cannot be explained by tumor spread or by hormones appropriate to the tissue

Question 20

What is paraneoplastic syndrome caused by

Answer 20

the ectopic production and secretion of bioactive substance such as ACTH, PTHrP, or TGF-alpha

Question 21

ACTH

Answer 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Cushing syndrom

Question 22

PTHrP

Answer 22

Parathyroid hormone related protein

Question 23

PTHrP and TGF-alpha

Answer 23

hypercalcemia

Question 24

6 Hallmarks of cancer

Answer 24

distinctive and complementary capabilities that enable tumor growth and metastatic dissemination

1. Self-Sufficiency in growth signals
2. insensitivity to anti-growth signals
3. tissue invasion
4. Limitless replicative potential
5. Sustained Angiogenesis
6. Evading Apoptosis

Question 25

Self-sufficiency in growth signals

Answer 25

gene mutation allows for growth without stimulation from growth factor

Question 26

Insensitivity to anti-growth signals

Answer 26

checkpoints in cell cycle bypassed due to oncogenes

Question 27

Tissue invasion and metastasis

Answer 27

mutated proteins allows cells to escape from tissue into bloodstream and replant

Question 28

Limitless replicative potential

Answer 28

due to up regulation of the enzyme of telomerase and inability for short tellers to be recognized and destroyed

Question 29

Photo-oncogenes

Answer 29

- normally help cells grow - mutated genes can become permanently activate when it is not supposed to be - the cell grows out of control which can lead to cancer (now classified as an oncogene)

Question 30

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 30

- AKA anti-oncogenes | - normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or induce apoptosis

Question 31

AIDS defining cancers

Answer 31

- kaposi sarcoma - non-hodgkin lymphoma - cervical cancer in women

Question 32

Kaposi sarcoma

Answer 32

vascular tumor that was previously that most common neoplasm in AIDS before the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy -causes aggressive lesions on the skin, mucus membranes, GI tracts

Question 33

Non-hodgkin lymphoma

Answer 33

- second most common neoplasm in AIDS | - highly aggressive and is EBV related if the brain is involved

Question 34

Cervical cancer in women

Answer 34

- attributed to the high incidence of HPV in patients with AIDS - gynecological exam should be routine evaluation in HIV infected women

Question 35

Non-AIDS defining cancers

Answer 35

- liver cancer - anal cancer - Hodgkin Lymphoma

Question 36

Sustained angiogenesis

Answer 36

stimulates growth of new blood vessels by releasing protein hormones which are then used for oxygen and nutrients to grow

Question 37

Evading apoptosis

Answer 37

tumor suppressed genes inhibited

Question 38

accumulation of neoplastic cells is due to:

Answer 38

1) activation of growth-promoting oncogenes 2) inactivation of growth-suppressing tumor genes 3) mutations in the genes that regulate apoptosis

Question 39

in a normal cell growth short telomeres are recognized by DNA repair machinery as Double stranded breaks , leading to

Answer 39

leading to cell cycle arrest and senescence

Question 40

in 85% to 95% of cancers , this is due to upregulation of the enzyme

Answer 40

telomerase

Question 41

5 laboratory diagnosis of cancer

Answer 41

1) Morphologic methods including excision, biopsy, fine-needle aspiration, and cytologic smears 2) Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry studies 3) Tumor markers 4) Molecular analyses and diagnosis 5) Molecular profiling of tumors

Question 42

2 clinical aspects of tumors

Answer 42

1) cachexia | 2) paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 43

cachexia

Answer 43

1) progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass 2) weakness 3) anorexia 4) anemia 5) caused by release of cytokines by the tumor or host

Question 44

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 44

1) systemic symptoms that cannot be explained by tumor spread or by hormones appropriate to the tissue 2) caused by ectopic production and secretion of bioactive substances such as ACTH, PTHrP, or TGF-α

Question 45

In patients with cancer, calorie expenditure remains _____and basal metabolic rate is increased, despite reduced food intake. This is in contrast with the lower metabolic rate that occurs as an adaptive response in starvation. high or low

Answer 45

high

Question 46

In patients with cancer, calorie expenditure remains high, and basal metabolic rate is ________, despite reduced food intake. This is in contrast with the lower metabolic rate that occurs as an adaptive response in starvation. increased or decreased

Answer 46

increased

Question 47

In patients with cancer, calorie expenditure remains high, and basal metabolic rate is increased, despite ____, ______,_____. This is in contrast with the lower metabolic rate that occurs as an adaptive response in starvation. increased food intake reduced food intake

Answer 47

reduced food intake

Question 48

tumor antigens are recognized by what type of T cells

Answer 48

cytotoxic T | and lymphocytes CTLs

Question 49

what is the major immune defense mechanism against tumors

Answer 49

CTLs

Question 50

Malignant neoplasms are characterized by a _______ of parenchymal cell differentiation wide or narrow range

Answer 50

wide Range

Question 51

anaplasia

Answer 51

lack of differentiation

Question 52

4 characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasms

Answer 52

1) differentiation and anaplasia 2) rate of growth 3) local invasion 4) metastasis

Question 53

what are the different types of tumor markers

Answer 53

PSA; CEA; Alpha fetal protein

Question 54

all 3 protein (PSA, CEA, Alpha fetal protein) assays lack ______ and ______ required for early detection of cancers

Answer 54

specificity and sensitivity

Question 55

H Pylori cause peptic ulcer disease in 20s and 30s patients, if got it have higher chance to get ___ cancer

Answer 55

gastric MALT lymphomas first bacterium classified as a carcinogen

Question 56

when tumor suppressor genes don’t work properly, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to ____?

Answer 56

cancer