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Immunology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

DAF

A

Cleaves C3b and Bb to prevent the activation of C3 convertase

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2
Q

Factor 1

A

Cleaves C3 making it protealytically inactive

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3
Q

CD59

A

Blocks the formation of the MAC by binding to C9

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4
Q

C1INH

A

Inhibits C1r and C1s from cleaving any further complements and activating the cascade

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5
Q

V(D)J Recombination

A
  1. D and J genes reassemble to form DJ segment
  2. V and DJ combine to form VDJ segment(
    • codes the variable domain of IgH or TCR-B

*RAG needed for recombination to occur, must cleave the RSs for Step 1 to occur

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6
Q

RAG Genes

A

Recombination Activation Genes recognize Recombination Signal Sequences (RSS) and act as an endonuclease to all recombination to occur

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7
Q

P-nucleotides

A

Added to hairpin VDJ structures by DNA Polymerase; produces BLUNT ENDS

*Number of n-nucleotides is variable

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8
Q

N-nucleotides

A

Added to blunt ends on VDJ-structures; sequence of N-nucleotides is random

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9
Q

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

A

Adds N-nucleotides to the VDJ-structure

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10
Q

How are the variable (VDJ) and constant (C) domains joined together?

A

RNA splicing

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11
Q

Combinatorial Diversity

A

Introduces Ag-receptor diversity because any IgH chain can pair with any IgL chain OR any TCR-B chain can pair w/ any TCR-A chain; also includes VDJ recombination

*Junctional diversity still introduces more diversity

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12
Q

Pro-B Cell

A

Expression of Rag proteins first appears

IgH gene arrangement occurs

CD10 and CD19 appear

*Cytokines promote proliferation (Ag dependent); ensures large pool for IgH chain diversity

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13
Q

Pre-B Cell

A

Expression of IgH chain

Assembly of Pre-B cell receptor
-consists of IgH, surrogate light chains V pre-B and delta-5, Iga, and Igb

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14
Q

Functions of Pre-B cell

A
  1. Allelic exclusion
  2. Provide signals for proliferation of pre-b cells
  3. Stimulate IgL rearrangement
  4. Suppress surrogate light chain expression
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15
Q

Productive kappa rearrangement on Pre-B cells (Isotypic Exclusion)

A

Will show no lambda rearrangement

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16
Q

X-linked agammagloblulinemia

A

Mutation in Btk gene causes a defect in pre-BCR mediated survival of Pre-B cells

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17
Q

Allelic Exclusion

A

The expression of only one allele of the IgH chain from either maternal or paternal origin

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18
Q

Immature B-cells

A

Expression of a BCR w/ IgM

Weakly self-reactive BCR= signal for survival

Rag protein expression ends

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19
Q

B1 B cells

A

In adults, reside in peritoneum and mucosal sites

Contain only surface IgM

Spontaneous production of IgM

Reactive to microbial polysaccharides and lipids

Self-renewing capability

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20
Q

Marginal zone B2 cells

A

Contains surface IgM only

Produce abs against polysaccharides

T-cell independent immune responses

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21
Q

Follicular B2 cells

A

Reside in B cell follicle

Contain surface IgM AND IgD

Survival dependent on BAFF/BlyS

T-cell DEPENDent immune responses

*Major B2 B cells

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22
Q

Function of Thymus in T-cell development

A

Provides:

IL-7 for proliferation of progenitors

Chemokines to guide developing T-cell movement towards medulla

MHC molecules for positive/negative selection

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23
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Congenital absence of a thymus resulting in low numbers of T-cells

=>frequent infxns

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24
Q

Pro-T cell

A

(CD4-, CD8-)

Expresses proteins for recombination (Rag, TDT)

TCR-B rearrangement occurs

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25
SCID
Mutations in the y-common chain of the IL-7 receptor lead to a block in T-cell development
26
Pre-T Cells
(CD4-, CD8-) Expression of pre-TCR and assembly of B, A, and CD3 subunits Signals provide: Inhibition of further TCR-B rearrangement (which is called?) Initiation of TCR-A rearrangement *Largest proliferation of T-cell development occurs here
27
TCRa
Has NO allelic exclusion, therefore, a TCR can express 2 alpha chains
28
Double positive thymocytes
(CD4+, CD8+) Expression of TCR Weakly reactive to MHC-self peptides *Negative selection of strongly reactive, death to non-reactive
29
Single Positive Thymocytes
Derived from double-positive; are formed from interactions w/ MHC class I or II molecules *Mature in thymic medulla
30
CR2 Complex
Co-activator complex found on B-cells that consist of CD 81, CD 19, and CD20 that bind to C3d to promote further activation of B-cells
31
How are BCRs turned off?
Via CD22 or excess Ag binding to to Ig and then binding to FcyR
32
CD5+ B-cells
T-cell indepenent B-cells that respond to repeating polysaccharide sequences on bacteria and produce primarily an IgM, non-specific response
33
Extrafollicular Focus
The meeting of a Th2 cell and an APC B-cell in the para-cortical jnxn where these cells proliferate the response of each other *Most B-cells become short-lived plasma cells
34
Cognate Interactions
Interactions b/w CD40L on Th2 cells and CD40 on B-cells =>Drives Th2 cells to produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6
35
B-cell signals (1-3)
1= Ag binding to BCR 2= Cd40 binding to CD40L 3= B7-CD28
36
AID
Activation Induced Deaminase Allows for the rearrangement of the constant region of genes giving rise to Isotype Class Switching in activated B-cells
37
Somatic Hypermutation
(Affinity Maturation) B-cells go thru mutations in their receptors that lead to high-affinity binding with their antigen -If low affinity, cell undergoes apoptosis
38
Whole-cell inactivated vaccine
Polio
39
Subunit inactivated vaccine
Hepatitis B
40
Polysaccharide inactived vaccine
Pneumococcal
41
Live attenuated vaccines
Provide T-cell and antibody immunity
42
Antigenic Sin
The body only recognizes the current immunodominant epitope, therefore, if that changes, then the body treats the pathogen as a new, unrecognized foreign invader
43
Functional part of an antibody
Fc portion
44
Idiotype
Ab determinant defined by the variance of the epitopes; can differ inside a single individual
45
Molecular basis of the gram stain
Stains the peptidoglycan wall of Gram + bacteria
46
Bacteria sensitive to lysozyme?
Gram +; cleavage of the B-1,4 linkages
47
Effects of MDP
1. Pyrogen 2. Mitogen 3 Somnagen 4. Adjuvant
48
Clinical Effects of LPS
Somnagen Pyrogen Leukopenia DIC Hypotension
49
TLRs
Can be present on innate immune cell membranes or on the endoplasmic membrane and stimulate the release of NFkB =>Production of cytokines
50
NOD-like receptors
Detect bacterial signatures inside of cells
51
RIG-like receptor
Detects viral signatures
52
CR1
Receptor for C3b and detects opsonized pathogens *Found on many RBCs
53
Lysosomal enzyme that digests bacteria
NADPH; generates oxygen radicals
54
Lactoferrin
Released by neutrophils and competes w/ invading microbes for iron
55
IFN-a and IFN-b
During viral infection, these bind to uninfected cells and prevent viral replication
56
NK cells
Macrophage secretion of IL-12 activates these cells and stimulates the production of IFN-y which will cause NK cells to eliminate infected cells *Form of positive feedback
57
IL-6
Released by macrophages and T-cells; leads to the hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins
58
CXCL-8
IL-8 Acts on macrophages as a chemo tactic molecule
59
IL-12
Activates NK cells and induces the differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th1 cells
60
Dangers of TNF-a
Can cause the wasting of cells leading to cachexia *Normally induces fever in the brain and acute phase protein synthesis in the liver
61
Invariant Chain
Binds to the MHC II complex after being synthesized in the rough ER; prevents binding of peptides
62
CLIP protein
Cleaved invariant chain that binds to MHC II proteins preventing pathogenic peptide products from binding until the endocytic vesicle fuses w/ the outer membrane
63
Calnexin
Binds to MHC I molecules in the ER until B-2 chain can bind
64
TAP
ER channel that transports cytosolic peptide fragments made from proteasomes to bind w/ the MHC/calreticulin complex
65
CCR7
Receptor on dendritic cells activated by inflammation in the tissues; leads to dendritic cells becomes APCs
66
EBF, E2A, Pax5
Stimulate the differentiation into a Pro-B cell
67
BAFF2/BlyS
Proteins necessary for the survival of Follicular B2 B-cells
68
IL-22
Secreted by Th17 cells to activate epithelial cells to secrete anti microbial substances; assoc. w/ IL-17 which will increase inflammation
69
Allorecognition
T-cells now recognize foreign MHC and can produce a response when they present AG

POD (4 decks)

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