Immunology

Question 1

Bone Marrow

Answer 1

Large reserves of neutrophils, release when needed to fight an infection

Question 2

Thymus

Answer 2

a primarily lymphoid organ, in thoracic cavity, where t cell maturation takes place

Question 3

Spleen

Answer 3

Secondary lymphoid organ, placce where old RBCs are destroyed, blood borne antigens are tapped and presented to lymphocytes

Question 4

Lymph Node

Answer 4

Secondary lymphoid organ, contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, serves as site for filtration of foreign antigen and activation/proliferation of lymphocytes.

Question 5

Innate Immunity

Answer 5

Rapid Response (hours)
Fixed
Limited specification
Constant during response

Question 6

Adaptive immunity

Answer 6

Slow response
Variable
Numerous highly selective specifities
improve during response

Question 7

Components of Innate Immunity

Answer 7

Skin, mucous membranes (barriers), phagocytes

Question 8

Components of Adaptive Immunity

Answer 8

Antibody, T cell recognition, cell mediated activation of the innate immune system

Question 9

Complement

Answer 9

Group of serum protein that can recognize certain types of microorganisms or bind to and recognize Ab molecules
Inflammation
Clears many bacteria

Question 10

Phagocytosis

Answer 10

Bacteria bind to phagocytic receptors, induces engulfment and degradation
Or bacterial components signal receptors induce synthesis of infammatory cytokines

Question 11

Opsonization

Answer 11

Makes pphagocytosis work better by binding to the object

Question 12

Neutrophils

Answer 12

Most abundant leukocyte

Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms

Question 13

Eosonophils

Answer 13

1-3% of crculating leukocytes
contain EBP (kill parasitic worms)
Killing of Ab coated parasites through release of granules

Question 14

Basophils

Answer 14

Basic granules

Control immune responses to parasites

Question 15

Dendritic Cells

Answer 15

basophilic cells
Antigen presenting cells
Activation of Tcells
Initiation of immune responses

Question 16

Mast Cell

Answer 16

Basophilic cell
Expulsion of parasites
Release of histamine and other active agents

Question 17

Monocyte

Answer 17

Mononuclear phagocyte

Circulating precursor cell to macrophage

Question 18

macrophage

Answer 18

mononuclear phagocyte
Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
activation of T cells and initiation of immune response

Question 19

Lymphocytes

Answer 19

Adaptive immunity: B cells, T cells, NK cells

Question 20

B cells

Answer 20

Lymphocytes
Production of antibodies
Expresses immunoglobulin on surface

Question 21

T lymphocyte

Answer 21

Helper or Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Killing cells that have self antigen and foreign antigen

Question 22

Ways in which cells are identified

Answer 22

Morphological criteria

Antigenic criteria

Question 23

Using stains (acid, bases) to stain proteins
Size and shape of cell
Size and shape of nucleus

Answer 23

Morphological way to identify cells

Question 24

Use of monoclonal antibodies to recognize subsets of immune cells
using CD, cluster of differentiation for reactivity group

Answer 24

Antigenic way to identify cells

Question 25

What end of the immunoglobulin does what?

Answer 25

Constant region- binds to immune cells | Variable region- highly specific for antigen binding

Question 26

Describe the chains of an immunoglobulin

Answer 26

2 identical heavy chains | 2 identical light chains

Question 27

Name the 5 classes of immunoglobulin

Answer 27

IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE

Question 28

``` MW 150,000 Most common Ig with widest range of function predominant class in serum toxin neutralizing Agglutinating Opsonizing ```

Answer 28

IgG

Question 29

``` MW 900,000 Most primitive Ig Most potent at complement fixation Unable to mediate many functions Pentameric in circulation ```

Answer 29

IgM

Question 30

``` MW 160,000 Found predominantly as dimer predominant class in secretions Resists acid hydrolysis (Secretory piece from epithelial cells) Agglutinating, opsonizing ```

Answer 30

IgA

Question 31

MW 200,000 Barely existent in serum Fixes to Mast cells ALLERGIES!!!!

Answer 31

IgE

Question 32

MW 180,000 Sensitization of basophils located on surface of human immature B cells associated with some tumor cells

Answer 32

IgD

Question 33

Fab fragment

Answer 33

In the variable region of the Ig includes framework proteins that do not vary includes hypervariable regions that are far apart in sequence but close together in tertiary structure

Question 34

Fc fragment

Answer 34

Crystallized region, many cells have receptors to Fc, they are homogenous in all antibodies

Question 35

Primary response

Answer 35

lag phase- initial exposure log phase- Ab production begins decay phase- extended period of time when small amount of antibody can be detected predominantly IgM

Question 36

Secondary response

Answer 36

After intial exposure to antigen, the immune response remains primed to respond, predominantly IgG

Question 37

7 differences of Secondary Response compared to Primary

Answer 37

``` Shorter lag time higher peak Ab synthesis higher peak antibody titer longer persistence of Ab predominance of IgG higher affinity og IgG requires less antigen ```

Question 38

Clonal selection

Answer 38

As antigen drop, only B cells with the highest affinity for antigen will be selected for.

Question 39

B memory cells

Answer 39

after clonal expansion, a few cells remain in spleen and lymph nodes for years

Question 40

B plasma cells

Answer 40

secrete antibody to mark antigens for immune response by Killer T cells. Have short lifespans, die quickly.

Question 41

Helper t cells

Answer 41

recognize a different set of antigens. Pick up degraded antigens with the help of APC. Proliferate to produce factors that stimulate B cells. Responsible for switch from IgM to IgG. Need to react with antigen on presenting cell and antigen with MHC to stimulate B cells.

Question 42

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 42

Initiate the interaction with antigen by endocytosis or phagocytosis Digest antigen so T cell can recogniz it Antigen is presented by cells that bear MHC signals.