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ABSITE Review > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

CD4 cells are also known as?

A

Helper T cells

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2
Q

What roles do helper T cells play?

A

Release IL-2, IL-4, interferon gamma, and involved in delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV, brings in inflammatory cells by chemokine secretion)

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3
Q

What is the main function of IL-2?

A

Maturation of cytotoxic T cells

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4
Q

What is the main function of IL-4?

A

B-cell maturation into plasma cells

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5
Q

What is another name for CD8 cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells

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6
Q

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

A

To regulate CD4 and CD8 cells

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7
Q

What are the functions of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Recognize and attack non-self antigens attached to MHC class I receptors

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8
Q

What is responsible for the majority of liver injury due to HepB?

A

Cytotoxic T cells responding to viral gene products

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9
Q

Does cell-mediated immunity require AB’s?

A

NO

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10
Q

What are the effector cells in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Macrophages, cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells

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11
Q

What kind of infections are associated with defects in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Intracellular pathogens (TB, viruses)

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12
Q

How does the intradermal skin test work?

A

Tests cell-mediated immunity. Takes 2-3 days

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13
Q

What stimulates B cells to become plasma cells?

A

IL-4 from helper T cells

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14
Q

What % of B cells become memory B cells which can be reactivated ?

A

10%

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15
Q

What type of antibody is secreted with first infection and with reinfection?

A

First infection- IgG

Reinfection- IgM

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16
Q

What types of MHC class I are there?

A

A, B, C

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17
Q

What type of T cell does MHC class I activate?

A

CD8

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18
Q

On what type of cells are MHC class I present on?

A

All uncleared cells

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19
Q

What types of MHC class II cells are there?

A

DR, DP, and DQ

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20
Q

What kind of T cell does MHC class II activate?

A

CD4 cells

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21
Q

On what type of cells are MHC class II present on?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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22
Q

What kind of cells are antigen-presenting cells?

A

Dendrites and monocytes

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23
Q

What is the purpose of antigen-presenting cells?

A

Activate helper T cells as they pass through lymph nodes AND stimulates antibody formation after interactions with B cells

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24
Q

How are viral infections recognized by the body?

A

Endogenous viral proteins are produced which are then bound to class I MHC —> proteins are presented on the surface of class MHC and recognized by cytotoxic CD8 cells

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25
How are bacterial infections recognized and fought off by the body?
Endocytosis and proteins get bound to class II MHC molecules, which are presented on the cell surface and recognized by CD4 helper T cells —> CD4 cells activate the B cells which have already bound to the antigen —> B cells then produce antibody to that antigen and are transformed to plasma cells and memory B cells
26
Are NK cells considered T or B cells?
Neither
27
What do NK cells do?
Recognize cells that lack self-MHC and attack cells with bound Ab (Fc receptor)
28
Do NK cells require previous exposure or antigen presentation?
NO
29
What cell serves as part of the body’s natural immunosurveillance for cancer?
NK cells
30
What is the initial antibody secreted after exposure to antigen?
IgM —> primary immune response
31
What is the largest antibody? How many domains/binding sites?
IgM is the largest. Contains 5 domains and 10 bindings sites
32
What is the MC antibody in the spleen?
IgM
33
What is the most common antibody in the body?
IgG
34
Which antibody is responsible for secondary immune response?
IgG
35
What antibody can cross the placenta and provides protection to newborn?
IgG
36
Where is IgA found?
Secretions, Peyer’s patches in the gut, and in breast milk (which helps protect newborn)
37
What is the function of IgA?
Helps prevent microbial adherence and invasion in the gut
38
What is the function of IgD?
Membrane-bound receptor on B cells and serves as an antigen receptor
39
In what situations are IgE antibodies involved in?
Allergic reactions, parasite infections, and type I hypersensitivity reactions
40
Which antibodies are considered opsonins ?
IgM and IgG
41
Which antibodies fix complement?
IgM and IgG—requires 2 IgGs or 1 IgM
42
What is the function of the variable region on antibodies?
Antigen recognition
43
What is the function of the constant region on antibodies?
Recognized by PMNs, macrophages, and NK cells | Fc fragment does not carry variable region
44
What are polyclonal antibodies?
Have multiple binding sites to the antigen at multiple epitomes
45
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Have only 1 binding site to the antigen at 1 epitope
46
What is type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Immediate hypersensitivity reaction. IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils react with the antigens and cause release of histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin
47
Name some type I hypersensitivity reactions. What are the symptoms?
Anaphylaxis, allergic reaction | Hypotension, bronchospasm, bronchoconstriction, urticaria, angioedema
48
What occurs in type II hypersensitivity reactions?
IgG or IgM reacts with cell-bound antigen
49
Name some examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions?
ABO blood incompatibility, hyperacute rejection, myasthenia gravis
50
What causes type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Immune complex deposition
51
Name some examples of type III hypersensitivity reactions.
Serum sickness, SLE
52
What is type IV hypersensitivity reaction? What causes it?
Delayed-type hypersensitivity | APCs present antigen to helper T cells, which then activate macrophages to destroy the antigen
53
What is the only hypersensitivity reaction to not involve antibodies?
Type IV
54
What is the major source of histamine in the blood?
Basophils
55
What is the major source of histamine in the tissues?
Mast cells
56
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Liver, bone, thymus
57
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes
58
What is immunologic chimera?
2 different cell liens in one individual (bone marrow transplant patients)
59
What tetanus prophylaxis is necessary in someone with a non-tetanus prone wound?
Tetanus toxoid only if patient has received <3 doses or tetanus status is unknown, or >10 years since booster
60
What constitutes a tetanus-prone wound?
>6 hours old, obvious contamination and devitalized tissues, crush, burn, frostbite, or missile injuries
61
When to give tetanus prophylaxis in tetanus prone wounds?
Always give tetanus toxoid unless patient has had 3 or more doses and it has been <5 years since last booster
62
When should you give tetanus immune globulin?
Give only with tetanus-prone wounds in patients who have not been immunized or if immunization status is unknown
63
How is IL-2 used as a chemotherapeutic agent in cancer?
Converts lymphocytes to lymphokine-activated killer cells by enhancing the immune response to tumor Converts lymphocytes into tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Show some success in melanoma

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