immunology

Question 1

primary immune response

Answer 1

occurs the first time an immune system encounters, generates memory cells with high specificity, can take 14 days

Question 2

secondary immune response

Answer 2

occurs following a previous encounter, more rapid, previously generated

Question 3

five types of immunoglobulins

Answer 3

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Question 4

IgE

Answer 4

hypersensitivity (allergies and parasite), present in serum in lowest concentration of all Igs

Question 5

IgD

Answer 5

unknown function, found in B cells

Question 6

IgM

Answer 6

First Ig produced in immune response, most efficient complement fixing Ig. Pentamer

Question 7

IgA

Answer 7

Major Ig. Dimer

Question 8

types of vaccines

Answer 8

live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid

Question 9

live attenuated

Answer 9

similar to natural infection, stored in cool place, can cause disease in weakened immune system.

Question 10

inactivated

Answer 10

uses killed version of pathogen, may need boosters, will not weaken immune

Question 11

subunit

Answer 11

uses dead pathogen in pieces, strong specific response, may need booster, fine for weak people

Question 12

toxoid vaccines

Answer 12

uses a toxin made by the pathogen, tetanus, my require boosters, safe for weak.

Question 13

infants

Answer 13

cannot produce antibodies until 3-6 months

Question 14

innate

Answer 14

inborn, present at all times, responds immediately, responds uniform

Question 15

acquired

Answer 15

6 days to respond, antigen specific, keeps memory

Question 16

types of white blood cells

Answer 16

neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil

Question 17

neutropenia

Answer 17

decrease in neutrophils can cause a severe infection

Question 18

neutrophilia

Answer 18

increase in neutrophils, bacterial infection, drug intox, tissue necrosis.

Question 19

neutrophil function

Answer 19

move to site of pathogen engulf it and destroy it. Adherence, migration, phagocytosis, bacterial killing

Question 20

lymphocytes

Answer 20

includes b cell t cell and natural killer cells

Question 21

t lymph function

Answer 21

cell mediated immunity

Question 22

b lymph function

Answer 22

part of the humoral immunity can bind to antigen

Question 23

natural killer cells function

Answer 23

kill infected cells

Question 24

eosinophils function

Answer 24

reddish orange granules allergic disease, parasite infections, and chronic inflammation.

Question 25

basophils function

Answer 25

large dark purple mediators of the inflammatory response called mast cells

Question 26

monocyte

Answer 26

large macrophages function phagocytosis

Question 27

RBC should be

Answer 27

biconcave disc, 6-8 um, no inclusions, 4 heme groups, 4 globin chains

Question 28

RBC membrane

Answer 28

semi perm for water and anions. no cations pass

Question 29

hypoxia

Answer 29

tissues deprived of oxygen (EPO hormone)

Question 30

hematopoiesis

Answer 30

the process of producing RBC, WBC, and platelets. Occurs in marrow

Question 31

burr cells

Answer 31

could be sign of old blood

Question 32

immature RBC

Answer 32

reticulocyte

Question 33

sickle cell anemia

Answer 33

sickle cell

Question 34

schistocyte

Answer 34

cells lysing

Question 35

acanthocytes

Answer 35

irregular projections unlike burr

Question 36

tear drop

Answer 36

spleen taken over

Question 37

organ produces urine

Answer 37

kidney

Question 38

reasons for urinalysis screening

Answer 38

disease diagnosis, progression of disease, monitor treatments

Question 39

best for protein anal, microscopic anal, preg

Answer 39

first morning voided

Question 40

three safety

Answer 40

gloves, gown, wash hands

Question 41

things that go down with time urine

Answer 41

glucose, RBC/WBC, urobilinogen, casts, bilirubin, ketones, clarity, nitrites, trichomonas

Question 42

things that go up with time urine

Answer 42

odor, pH, and bacteria

Question 43

amber color

Answer 43

UTI

Question 44

Red urine

Answer 44

hemo, food dye, beets

Question 45

green urine

Answer 45

pseudomonas infection

Question 46

blue urine

Answer 46

clorets, drugs

Question 47

black urine

Answer 47

melsum, levodopa, homosetistic acid

Question 48

turbidity

Answer 48

clarity- bacteria, semen, increased cells

Question 49

foul ammonia urine

Answer 49

bacterial infection

Question 50

sweet urine

Answer 50

diabetes

Question 51

maple syrup urine

Answer 51

maple syrup urine disease

Question 52

mousy urine

Answer 52

PKU

Question 53

ph raised

Answer 53

vegatarian, vomiting, old sample

Question 54

protein raised

Answer 54

kidney disorder, exercise, hypertension

Question 55

glucose urine

Answer 55

diabetes

Question 56

ketones urine

Answer 56

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 57

blood

Answer 57

kidney damage

Question 58

bilirubin

Answer 58

hepatobiliary disease

Question 59

leukocyte esterase

Answer 59

inflammation

Question 60

urobilinogen

Answer 60

hemolysis of RBC