Immunology

Question 1

NK

Answer 1

Natural killer cell

Question 2

IFN

Answer 2

Interferon

Cytokine that promotes immune response. A cell signaling Molecule

Question 3

IL

Answer 3

Interleukin

Question 4

JAK

Answer 4

Janus kinase

Question 5

PRR

Answer 5

Pattern recognition receptor.

These are receptors on the surface of phagocytes that triggers ingestion of the pathogens or debris. They can recognize opsonized material, PAMPS, and a present on the exterior of the sale as well as on the interior

Question 6

PAMP

Answer 6

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

PAMPS are recognized as being foreign to the host, and example would be a Lipo polysaccharide on the surface of bacteria.

Question 7

ROI

Answer 7

Reactive oxygen intermediate

Question 8

TLR

Answer 8

Toll like receptors

Toll like receptors are found on the exterior and interior of phagocytes membranes, and they bind to PAMPs. they have identified 11 known TLRs in humans.

Question 9

STAT

Answer 9

Signal Transducer and activator of transcription

Question 10

Innate immune cells

Answer 10

• Basophils and mast cells -Eosinophils and NK cells -Neutrophils
• Monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 11

How do Basophils and mast cells work?

Answer 11

These cells function by releasing histamine to promote inflammation

Question 12

How do eosinophils and NK cells work?

Answer 12

They work by Releasing cytotoxic substances to kill cells.

Question 13

How do neutrophils work?

Answer 13

Neutrophils Phagocytose Material to be eliminated

Question 14

Monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells work by…

Answer 14

Acting as phagocytes, antigen presenting cells, and can further stimulate immune process.

Question 15

What is phagosome-lysosome fusion/formation of the phagolysosome?

Answer 15

When a phagocytes “consumes” a pathogen it needs to destroy it. It does this by fusing the newly created phagosome with an internal lysosome. The high pH and presence of NO and ROS (hydrogen peroxide) destroy the pathogen during an oxygen burst or by using proteolytic enzyme‘s (Oxygen independent). Internal digestion

Question 16

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome

Answer 16

A genetic recessive disorder in lysosomal and vesicle trafficking that leads to defective phagocytosis.

Characterized by partial out by Nelson, increased infections, and neuropathy. It can be diagnosed with congregations of granulocytes known as giant inclusion bodies. There’s no known cure.

Question 17

The binding of pathogen’s to TLR’s stimulates two major transcription factors;

Answer 17

NF-kB, Promotes information

IRF–3 and I RF–7, promotes production of antiviral interferons to block viral replication and stimulate NK cells

Question 18

TLR’s in macrophages stimulate the release of…

Answer 18

IFN-alpha and beta. These interferons work to activate antiviral mechanisms in (increased RNAse production) neighboring cells, increase class one MHC expression augment adaptive immune response stimulating NK cell activity