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Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is SCID

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Increases infection susceptibility

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2
Q

Summarise basic strategy 1

A

Recognition of molecular patterns
Hundreds of receptors
Germ-line encoded

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3
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of basic strategy 1

A

Many cells can express the same receptor for a rapid + effective response
Limited receptor diversity, some pathogens may not be efficiently recognised

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4
Q

What does basic strategy. 1 use

A

Pattern recognition receptors with 2 triggers: pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damaged associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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5
Q

Summarise basic strategy 2

A

Recognition of precise structures
Millions of receptors
Generated by random recombination of gene segments

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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of basic strategy 2

A

Massive diversity of receptors, all structures may be potentially recognised
Cells must be greatly expanded to generate an effective response, long time for this, random nature may cause autoimmunity

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7
Q

What is the epitome

A

The area on antigen to which antigen receptors bind to

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8
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity

A

Independent of previous exposure vs adaptation to exposure
Depends on pre-formed components vs depends on clonal selection
Fast vs slow
Limited specificity vs highly specific

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9
Q

What does innate immunity involve and which interferon is associated

A

Destroys invading nucleic acids
Activates inflammatory pathways and signals
Promotes and directs adaptive response + buys time for it
Type 1 interferon

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10
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve

A

Memory cell formation

Cellular and humeral response

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11
Q

What proportion of circulating WBCs do lymphocytes make up

A

20-40%

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12
Q

Which cells and substances are used in innate response

A 
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Complement
Actue-phase P
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13
Q

Which cells and substances are used in innate and adaptive response

A

Basophils
Dendritic cells
Natural killer cells
Cytokines

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14
Q

Which cells and substances are used in adaptive response

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Antibodies

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15
Q

Outline the process of clonal selection

A

Polyclonal naive lymphocyte
Activation
Proliferation
Effector lymphocyte

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16
Q

What may occur when the antigen is removed

A

Lymphocytes die while some survive as memory cells

On re-exposure, there is a quicker and greater response

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17
Q

How is diversity of immunoglobulin and TCR generated

A

Genetic recombination

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18
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs

A

primary is where lymphocytes are produced, secondary is where lymphocytes interact with antigens

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19
Q

Give examples of primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus

Bone marrow

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20
Q

Give examples of secondary lymph organs

A

Lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Epithelium/cutaneous

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the thymus

A

Bi-lobed
Packed with proliferating lymphocytes
Medulla and cortex

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22
Q

What happens to the thymus during infection

A

No obvious change

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23
Q

What are Hassall’s corpuscles and where are they found

A

Fibroblasts for regulatory T cell development found in the thymus

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24
Q

What happens to the thymus with age

A

Decrease in output of new lymph (but total does not decrease)

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25
Describe the bone marrow
Site of B cell and RBC production | Yellow fat surrounded by red marrow
26
What happens in the bone marrow during infection
Increase in white blood cell production
27
Describe the lymphatic system
Drainage system to collect antigens and filter through the nodes and return fluid to the blood Antigen is likely to enter the lymphatic system
28
Draw/describe a lymph node
Kidney shape Medullary sinus is surrounded by the T cell area with many germinal centres surrounding this Lymphoid follicle surrounds this
29
What is a germinal centre
Area where B cell proliferate
30
What happens to the lymph nodes during infection
Lymph nodes become enlarged/swollen
31
What is the purpose of high endothelial venues and where can they be found
causes cells to move from the blood to lymph | Found in the lymph nodes
32
Which secondary lymphoid organ does not have many HEV
Spleen
33
What is the function of the spleen
Filters for antigens in the blood
34
Describe the structure of the spleen
``` White pulp (WBC) Red pulp (RBC) Germinal centres ```
35
What happens to the spleen during infection
Larger follicles
36
Describe how epithelium is a secondary lymphoid organ
Mucosal and skin as a physical barrier Mucosae-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) Lymph drains in villi
37
What are Peyer's patches and where are they found
Large aggregates of B cells that contain germinal centres important for immune response found in the gut epithelium
38
What are microfold cells and where are they found
Cells that sample antigens to pass them to the Peyer's patch in the gut
39
Which immune response cells are found in the skin
Epidermal langerhans cells T lymphocytes Macrophages Dermal dendritic cell
40
How is it ensured that antigen meets the lymphocyte with the specific receptor
re-circulation
41
Describe the process of extravasion
1. Naive T cells rolls along the endothelium 2. They bind to proteins and carbs along the epithelium 3. HEV has chemokine bound to the cell surface 4. Lymphocytes have receptors for this and binds to the receptor 5. Lymphocytes deliver a signal to the T cell, changing the structure of integrin 6. Integrin becomes high affinity binding and binds to the epithelium to stop movement 7. Transport through epithelium
42
How do you distinguish between B and T cells
Cluster differentiation (CD) markers - use of antibodies
43
How much of the total pool of T cells is contained in the blood
2%
44
Which CD marker do T cells express
CD3
45
What are the two types of T cell receptor
gamma delta - 10% | alpha beta - 90%
46
What are the proportions of CD4 and CD8
2/3 CD4 | 1/3 CD8
47
Which cells present CD4 and CD8
CD4 - T helper and regulatory cells that secrete cytokines | CD8 - Cytotoxic T cells that lyse infected cells that secrete cytokines
48
Which CD markers do B cells express
CD19 and CD20
49
Give a difference in the way B cells and T cells recognise antigens
T cells recognise processed antigens | B cells recognise "intact" antigens (unprocessed)
50
What are the antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells B lymphocytes Macrophages
51
What does innate mean
inbuilt | Uses cellular and soluble components
52
Give the physiological barriers
Skin - acidic | mucous membranes + cilia
53
Give some physiological barriers
body temperature - during fever the high temp is not favourable low pH - acidic to kill Lysosome, interferons, complement
54
Describe a neutrophil
``` Phagocytosis 40-75% of leukocytes short-lived circulates the blood First cells recruited ```
55
Describe the process of neutrophil travels through a membrane
1. neutrophil rolls along the membrane 2. infection releases chemokines 3. chemokines bind to the endothelial cell surface 4. Neutrophil recognises the signal and increases its affinity to bind to the membrane 5. passes through diapedesis
56
Which cells present CD4 and CD8
CD4 - T helper and regulatory cells that secrete cytokines | CD8 - Cytotoxic T cells that lyse infected cells that secrete cytokines
57
Define opsonisation
coating of micro-organisms with proteins for phagocytosis | Antibodies and complement function by this
58
What are NETs
neutrophil extracellular traps | Release of granules and chromatin to form extracellular fibres
59
Describe eosinophils
phagocytosis and granule release Defence against parasites Helps B cells in GALT (IgA production)
60
Describe basophils
Granule release | Acts as an APC for type 2 immunity
61
Describe monocytes
phagocytosis , killing, cytokine release, APC less abundant dispersed in tissue Signal infection to soluble mediators Become macrophages when the leave the blood
62
Describe mast cells
Phagocytosis, granule release (pro-inflammation), histamine and leukotrienes Mucosal in the lung or connective tissue in the skin Activation by complement products (anaphylatoxins) vasodilation (red skin) and increased vascular permeability (inflammation)
63
Describe dendritic cells
APC and cytokine secretion migration to lymph node network site of infection adaptive
64
Describe natural killer cells
10% of blood Infected cell lysis, secretion of interferon gamma, activating and inhibitory receptors (NO antigen receptor), binds to opsonised cells Large granulated lymphocytes (cytotoxic) Bind to opsonised cells Cancer and viral infections
65
What are soluble mediators
Small secreted proteins important in cell-cell communication that are generally local acting Effective even in low concentration
66
What are the types of soluble mediators and what are their functions
``` Interleukins - leukocyte communication Interferons - anti-viral Chemokines - chemotaxis Growth factors - proliferation and differentiation Cytotoxic - tumour necrosis factor ```
67
What is complement
Complex series of 30 proteins and glycoproteins Major role in complimenting the activity of specific antibodies in lysing bacteria Triggers enzyme cascade systems to give a rapid and highly amplified response
68
What is complement produced by
The liver as inactivated precursors
69
How is complement activated
Cleavage of the end Classical pathway Lectin pathway Alternative pathway
70
What do all of the complement activation pathways lead to
Activation of C3b | Membrane attack complex (MAC)
71
Describe the activation pathways for complement
Classical - activation by antibodies Lectin - lectin proteins that bind carbohydrates Alternative - bacterial surface directly activate the complement
72
Define antibody
Protein produced in response to antigens
73
What are immunoglobulins
Classes of antibodies Large family of glycoproteins >107 antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
74
What are the secondary effector functions of immunoglobulins after binding
Complement activation Opsonisation (promotion of phagocytosis) Cell activation via antibody-binding receptors (Fc receptors)
75
Describe the structure of immunoglobulins
``` 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains held together by disulphide bonds Symmetrical Hinge region constant region - Fc variable region - Fab ```
76
What are hyper variable regions
there are 3 in antibodies: CDR 1,2,3) | CDS = complement determining regions that acts as binding sites for antigens
77
What is the immunoglobulin super family
similar domain to antibodies
78
Give the forces involved in antigen-antibody binding
H-bonds Ionic bonds Hydrophobic interactions Van der Waals
79
Define antibody affinity
The strength of the total noncovalent interactions between a single antigen binding site and a single epitope on the antigen
80
Define antibody avidity
The overall strength of multiple interactions between n antibody with multiple binding site and a complex antigen with multiple epitopes Better measure of binding capacity
81
Define antibody-cross reactivity
Antibody elicited in responses to one antigen can sometimes recognise a different antigen of a different structure
82
Give examples of antibody-cross reactivity
Vaccination with cowpox induces antibodies which are able to recognise smallpox ABO blood group antigens Antibodies made against Microbial antigens on common intestinal bacteria may cross-react with carbs on RBC
83
What differs between the different classes of immunoglobulin
heavy chains
84
Describe IgG
``` gamma heavy Most abundant Has 4 subclasses Actively transported across the placenta Major activator of the classical complement pathway (1&3) Blood and extracellular fluid ```
85
Describe IgA
``` alpha heavy 2nd most abundant 2 subclasses Occurs as a monomer or dimer secretory Protects mucosal surfaces from pathogens Across epithelia ```
86
Describe IgM
``` Micro heavy First Ig synthesised after exposure Multiple low affinity binding sites Large pentamer Agglutination and complement activation Blood ```
87
Describe IgE
``` E heavy Allergic reactions Parasitic infections Binds to mast cell receptors and basophils to release histamine Very low levels ```
88
Describe IgD
Delta heavy Expressed in B cell development and activation very low levels
89
Give the actions of antibody-antigen
``` Neutralisation Agglutination Opsonisation Complement activation Bound by cells expressing Fc receptors (innate immunity: phagocytes, NK cells) ```
90
What are the uses of antibodies defence
``` Targeting of ineffective organisms Recruitment of effector mechanisms Neutralisation of toxins Removal of antigens Passive immunity in the new born ```
91
What are the uses of antibodies in medicine and in labs
Levels used in diagnosis and monitoring Pooled antibodies for passive therapy/protection Monoclonal antibodies for treatment of cancer Vast range of diagnostic and research applications

MCD (13 decks)

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