Immunology AC

Question 1

Function of the immune system

Answer 1

Protect the host (body) against environmental agents or organism. It is an organized series of actions in response to a pathological organism

Question 2

Intention of the immune system

Answer 2

To destroy or neutralize the invader

Question 3

The immune system identifies and destroys __________ and _________

Answer 3

Dead cells and malignant cells

Question 4

Organs of the immune system

Answer 4

Bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph system

Question 5

Which organ is the cell production center?

Answer 5

Bone marrow

Question 6

B and T cells are generated in the ________from_______

Answer 6

Bone marrow from stem cells

Question 7

Where do B cells mature and differentiate?

Answer 7

Bone marrow

Question 8

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 8

Thymus gland

Question 9

What is WBC stand for?

Answer 9

White Blood Cells or Leukocytes

Question 10

Which cells participate in natural and acquired response?

Answer 10

WBC or Leukocytes

Question 11

What does the spleen do?

Answer 11

Filters the blood looking for foreign cells, stores different defense cells, stores RBC’s, and breaks down old RBC’s

Question 12

What does the lymph system do?

Answer 12

Drains and filters fluids to detect and remove bacteria

Question 13

Components of the lymph system

Answer 13

Lymph nodes and mucosal lymphatic system

Question 14

What is also called an antibody generator?

Answer 14

An antigen

Question 15

What is an antigen

Answer 15

A substance recognized as foreign or “no self” by immune system

Question 16

What is an antigen capable of?

Answer 16

Capable of triggering an adaptive (specific) immune response

Question 17

What are the 4 stages of the immune response?

Answer 17

I. Recognition stage, II. Proliferation stage, III. Response stage, and IV. Effector stage

Question 18

What happens in the recognition stage?

Answer 18

Antigens are recognized by circulating lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 19

What happens in the proliferation stage

Answer 19

The dormant lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic (killer) T cells or B cells responsible for formation and release of antibodies

Question 20

What happens in the response stage

Answer 20

The cytotoxic T cells and B cells perform cellular and hormonal functions respectively

Question 21

What happens in the effector stage

Answer 21

Antigens are destroyed or neutralized through the action of antibodies, complement, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells

Question 22

How is an antibody also called

Answer 22

Immunoglobulin (a large PR)

Question 23

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are formed in response to what?

Answer 23

In response to specific antigens by B lymphocytes (cells)

Question 24

How do antibodies or immunoglobulins tag and/or inactivate antigens?

Answer 24

Phagocytosis, precipitation, neutralization, lysis, agglutination, opzonization.

Question 25

The immune response is divided in 2 categories

Answer 25

Innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity

Question 26

Characteristics of innate(natural) immunity

Answer 26

1st line of defense after antigen exposure with an inflammatory response, non-specific (no memory), we are born with it➡️has genetic influence, ⬇️ tissue damage and work of the adaptive immune system, includes skin and mucosa barriers

Question 27

Characteristics of adaptive (acquired) immunity:

Answer 27

Specific to an antigen (has memory), it is a systematic response, 2 types: passive and active.

Question 28

What is passive adaptive (acquired) immunity?

Answer 28

Temporary immunity and produced by a source outside the body

Question 29

Examples of passive adaptive (acquired) immunity?

Answer 29

Immune globulins (antitoxin, snake venom antitoxin, HBIG-Hepatitis B immunoglobulins) and maternal antibodies transferred via placenta or breastmilk.

Question 30

Phagocytosis immune response primary involves _______and it is the ________ response to most invading organism

Answer 30

WBC and it is the initial response for most invading organism

Question 31

Humoral response involves...

Answer 31

B-lymphocytes and production of Immunoglobulins

Question 32

Types of immunoglobulins

Answer 32

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

Question 33

Cell mediated response is initiated by ________

Answer 33

T-lymphocytes

Question 34

Leukocytes are the key in _____ of the immune response

Answer 34

Initiation

Question 35

Where are Leukocytes produced? And from which cell?

Answer 35

Bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cell

Question 36

What are the 3 major groups of Leukocytes ?

Answer 36

Granulocytes, {monocytes, lymphocytes} agranulocytes

Question 37

What are the 3 major groups of granulocytes?

Answer 37

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 38

Which granulocytes are the first line of defense?

Answer 38

Neutrophils

Question 39

Which granulocytes are the first to respond to bacterial infections and are phagocytosis?

Answer 39

Neutrophils

Question 40

Which granulocytes elevate with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Answer 40

Eosinophils

Question 41

Which granulocyte are releases during acute hypersensitivity or stress ?

Answer 41

Basophils

Question 42

If somebody has an infectious process what do expect to see leukopenia or Leukocytosis?

Answer 42

Leukocytosis

Question 43

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

Answer 43

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 44

Another way to call monocytes is?

Answer 44

Macrophages

Question 45

What type of cell are monocytes or macrophages?

Answer 45

Phagocytic

Question 46

What agranulocyte responds primarily to viral infections and cancer cells?

Answer 46

Lymphocytes

Question 47

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

Answer 47

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK lymphocytes

Question 48

What kind of response is the inflammatory response? Specific of nonspecific?

Answer 48

Nonspecific

Question 49

Which are the two major parts that inflammatory response is divided into?

Answer 49

Vascular response and cellular response

Question 50

In which kind of inflammatory response there is vasodilation secondary to the release of mediators like histamine and kinins

Answer 50

Vascular response

Question 51

What is the result of the inflammatory vascular response?

Answer 51

Redness, edema, and fluid exudate that is high in protein in insterstitial space d/t cell membrane permeability

Question 52

What is pus?

Answer 52

Dead Leukocytes (WBC) from the body's immune system in response to infection

Question 53

In which type of inflammatory response there is a migration of Leukocytes to the injury site

Answer 53

Cellular response

Question 54

Which Leukocytes migrate to the injury site during the cellular response

Answer 54

Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages

Question 55

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 55

Engulfing of the pathogen

Question 56

What Leukocytes are primarily involved in phagocytosis?

Answer 56

Neutrophils and macrophages

Question 57

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 57

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 58

Causes of inflammation

Answer 58

Mechanical injuries(surgeries), physical damage (burns), chemical injury (toxins), m.o. (Bacteria), extremes (hot or cold), immunologic responses (hypersensitivity), ischemic damage (trauma)

Question 59

Causes of infection

Answer 59

Organism (pathogen) is able to colonize and multiply within host

Question 60

Examples of organisms (pathogen)

Answer 60

Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, fungi and parasite

Question 61

Two of the classic hypersensitivities that cause inflammation

Answer 61

Bee sting and peanuts

Question 62

How long should you leave hot or cold applications

Answer 62

No more than 20 minutes

Question 63

Risk factors for infection can also______

Answer 63

Impair healing

Question 64

Environmental risk factors for infection

Answer 64

Lifestyles, chronic diseases, drug therapy

Question 65

What are some of the environmental risk factors for infection

Answer 65

Excessive ETOH, smoking, travel outside US. Air, water, food quality. Poor nutrition

Question 66

What are the chronic diseases that are risco factors for infections?

Answer 66

Diabetes, renal insufficiency, chronic lung disease, adrenal insufficiency

Question 67

What drug therapies put you at risk for infection

Answer 67

Immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids and chemotherapy

Question 68

What are the two classifications for corticosteroids

Answer 68

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

Question 69

Teaching for patients taking corticosteroids

Answer 69

Avoid crowds, wash hands, osteoporosis is a possibility with long term use of corticosteroids, watch glucose level because corticosteroids can increase levels, don't stop the medication abruptly, long term use can cause cataracts, s/s of infection and to report them

Question 70

What are the two types of tissue inflammation?

Answer 70

Acute and chronic

Question 71

Which type of tissue inflammation is self-limiting with process lasting less than 2 weeks

Answer 71

Acute tissue inflammation

Question 72

What are the localized manifestations of acute tissue inflammation

Answer 72

Erythema, local warmth, edema, pain, loss of function r/t affected site

Question 73

Which type of tissue inflammation often results what acute process is ineffective in removing the offensive agent

Answer 73

Chronic tissue inflammation

Question 74

What are the clinical manifestations of a systemic infection?

Answer 74

FEVER, CHILLS, pain or discomfort, DEHYDRATION, anorexia, vomiting, reddened, inflamed site

Question 75

What are the symptoms of a systemic infection in elderly?

Answer 75

CONFUSION, behavioral changes, anorexia, dehydration

Question 76

What interventions do we implement for infections

Answer 76

Encourage fluid or IV fluids, antipyretic medication, C & S before antibiotic therapy.

Question 77

Nursing actions for Infection Assessment

Answer 77

S&S of infection, environmental history, recent travel or exposure, risky lifestyle or behaviors, nosocomial vs. community acquired

Question 78

Intervention for infections

Answer 78

Obtain C & S if indicated, administer medications, encourage fluid intake, infection control measures (isolation precautions, patient education-hand hygiene)

Question 79

Name an common opportunistic infection

Answer 79

Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff)

Question 80

C. Diff starts within ________after antibiotic treatment initiated

Answer 80

1-2 weeks

Question 81

Nursing interventions for opportunistic infections

Answer 81

Collect stool sample, implement contact precautions, administer meds

Question 82

What are the indications when collecting stool sample

Answer 82

Do not delay➡️submit to lab, be careful not to contaminate specimen

Question 83

What are the diagnostic done for infection

Answer 83

CBC with differential | C&S