immunology and disease

Question 1

What does pathogenic mean

Answer 1

organism that causes damage to its host

Question 2

what is a carrier

Answer 2

a person who shows no symptoms when infected by a disease but can pass it on to another individual

Question 3

what is a disease reservoir

Answer 3

where a pathogen is normally found and may be source of infection

Question 4

what is an endemic

Answer 4

a disease which is always present at low levels in an area

Question 5

what is an epidemic

Answer 5

where there is a significant increase in the usual number of cases of a disease often associated with a rapid spread

Question 6

what is a pandemic

Answer 6

an epidemic occuring worldwide , crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people

Question 7

what is a vaccine

Answer 7

using non pathogenic forms, products or antigens of microorganisms to stimulate immune response which confers protection from subsequent infection

Question 8

what are antibiotics

Answer 8

substances produced by microorganisms which affect the growth of other microorganisms

Question 9

what is a vector

Answer 9

a living organism which transfers disease from one individual to another

Question 10

what is a toxin

Answer 10

chemical produced by microorganism which causes damage to host

Question 11

what are antigenic types

Answer 11

organisms with the same or very similiar antigens on the surface

Question 12

what is cholera caused by

Answer 12

gram negative bacteria

Question 13

what tissues does cholera affect

Answer 13

gut lining

Question 14

what can prevent cholera

Answer 14

good hygiene
water treatment
clean drinking water

Question 15

what are the treatments for cholera

Answer 15

antibiotics and rehydration

Question 16

what causes tuberculosis

Answer 16

bacteria (bacillus)

Question 17

what is the mode of transmission used by tuberculosis

Answer 17

airborne droplets spread by coughing and sneezing

Question 18

what tissues does tuberculosis affect

Answer 18

lungs and lymph nodes in neck

Question 19

how is tuberculosis prevented

Answer 19

BCG vaccination for children

Question 20

how is tuberculosis treated

Answer 20

long course of antibiotics

Question 21

what causes smallpox

Answer 21

DNA containing virus

Question 22

what is mode of transmission of smallpox

Answer 22

inhalation or transmitted in saliva or bodily fluids

Question 23

what is used for smallpox prevention

Answer 23

vaccination

Question 24

what treatments are used for smallpox

Answer 24

pain relief
fluids
vaccination

Question 25

what causes malaria

Answer 25

protoctistan (plasmodium)

Question 26

what tissues are affected by malaria

Answer 26

liver cells and red blood cells

Question 27

what are the prevention methods for malaria

Answer 27

nets, clothing insect repellant

Question 28

what are the treatments for malaria

Answer 28

vaccine and drug treatment

Question 29

what is a virus

Answer 29

intracellular parasite that use a cells metabolic pathways to produce more virus particles

Question 30

how do viruses cause pathogenic effects

Answer 30

cell lysis cell transformation which can cause cells to become cancerous immune system supression production of toxic substances

Question 31

what is a bacteriostatic antibiotic

Answer 31

prevent bacterial growth

Question 32

what are bacteriocidal antibiotics

Answer 32

kill bacteria

Question 33

what is the viral mode of reproduction

Answer 33

1. virus becomes attached and binds to a target epithelial cell 2. cell engulfs virus by endocytosis 3. viral contents released viral RNA enters nucleus and is replicated by RNA polymerase 4.viral mRNA used to make new viral proteins 5. new viral particles are made and released into extracellular fluid and cell continues to make new virus

Question 34

what type of immune cells does the celll mediated response make

Answer 34

cytotoxic (Killer) T cells memory T cells helper T cels

Question 35

what do killer T cells do

Answer 35

cause lysis of a target cell

Question 36

what do memory T cells do

Answer 36

remain dormant until host is next exposed to antigens

Question 37

what do helper T cells do

Answer 37

cooperate with B lymphocytes to initiate antibody response

Question 38

where do T lymphocytes come from

Answer 38

stem cells in bone marrow activated in the thymus

Question 39

where do B Lymphocytes come from

Answer 39

come from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature in the spleen and lymph nodes

Question 40

what is an antibody

Answer 40

molecule , usually proteins on the surface of a cell that cause an immune response Y shaped glycoprotein produced by B lymphocyte plasma cells which bind to non self antigens

Question 41

what structure do antibodies have

Answer 41

quaternary held together by disulphide bonds

Question 42

what is the role of antibodies

Answer 42

neutralisation - blocks viral binding sites agglutination cell lysis

Question 43

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