Immunology Exam 1 Flashcards
(272 cards)
1
Q
What is the #1 cause of overpopulation?
A
Vaccines
2
Q
Definition:
Injecting an antigen to cause immunity by inducing a protective immune response against a specific organism or its associated toxin prior to the encounter with the pathogen
A
Immunization/Vaccination
3
Q
Definition:
The study of host reactions when foreign substances are introduced
A
Immunology
4
Q
The “Founder of Immunology”
A
Edward Jenner
5
Q
When was the first recorded theory of acquired immunity? By who?
A
Recorded between 865-932
By Rhazes.
6
Q
When was the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine developed? Who developed it?
A
Developed in 2005
By Ian Frazer.
7
Q
What is immunity?
A
- *The ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin by the action of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells
- Oxford dictionary**
8
Q
Definition:
Study of non-cellular components in the blood (antigen & antibody)
A
Serology
9
Q
Also known as an immunogen
A
Antigen
10
Q
A “foreign” substance that induces an immune response
A
Antigen (immunogen)
11
Q
Also known as an immunoglobulin
A
Antibody
12
Q
A glycoprotein that is made in response to an antigen
A
Antibody (immunoglobulin)
13
Q
- Antibody binding site
- Single antigen site
- Signals antigen for destruction
A
Epitope
14
Q
All of the following are examples of what?
- Pneumonia
- Tetanus
- Amoebas
- Candida
A
Extracellular bacteria, parasites, and fungi
15
Q
All of the following are examples of what?
- Leprosy
- Malaria
- Leishmaniasis
A
Intracellular bacteria and parasites
16
Q
Smallpox, varicella (chickenpox), and influenza are all examples of what?
A
Viruses
17
Q
What are some examples of parasitic worms the immune system may have to fight off?
A
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Schistosomiasis
18
Q
All of the following are main concepts of immunology EXCEPT:
- Distinguish between self and non-self
- Three overlapping systems
- Specificty
- Diversity
- Clonal Selection
- Memory
- Regulation
A
2. Three overlapping systems
There are TWO overlapping systems
19
Q
What does immunological homeostasis confer?
A
Immunological homeostasis confers health by responding and controlling infection with moderation
20
Q
Hyporeactivity with immunological homestasis could result in which of the following:
- Systemic autoimmunity
- Allergies
- Asthma
- T-cell dysfunction
A
4. T-cell dysfunction
21
Q
Hypereactivity with immunological homeostasis could result in all of the following EXCEPT:
- Systemic autoimmunity
- Organ-specific autoimmunity
- Pathogen-induced pathology
- Antibody deficiency
- Allergies and asthma
A
4. Antibody deficiency
22
Q
When does hyporeactivity occur with immunological homeostasis?
A
When a particular immune response or function is ABSENT from the host.
23
Q
SCID- Severe combined immunodeficieny is an example of what type of immmunological homeostasis reaction?
A
Hyporeactivity
24
Q
HIV/AIDS causes the destruction of which type of cell?
A
CD4+ T helper cells
25
What are some examples of an immunological homeostasis hypereactive response? (Specifically given in powerpoint)
* **Rheumatoid arthritis**
* **Allergies**
* **Multiple myeloma**
26
What are the 2 overlapping systems for immunology?
1. **Innate/Natural**
2. **Adaptive/Acquired**
27
Name the system:
- "Non-specific"
- Always present in healthy individual
- First line of defense
**Innate/Natural**
28
Name the system:
- "Specific"
- Stimulated by microbes that invade tissue
- Involves lymphocytes and their products
**Adaptive/Acquired**
29
Also known as Natural immune system
**Innate immune system**
30
Also known as the Acquired immune system
**Adaptive immune system**
31
- Very primitive
- Found in most multicellular animals
- Rapid response
- Does not exhibit memory
- Same response every time
**Natural/Innate immune system**
32
- Found only in vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals)
- Must be induced
- Induces immunological memory
- Has 2 types: humoral and cell-mediated
- Two ways of getting it: active and passive
**Acquired/Adaptive immune system**
33
What type of Acquired Immunity is the following:
- B-lymphocytes are involved
- Produces antibodies
- Neutralized and eliminates extracellular microbes/microbial toxins
**Humoral Immunity**
34
What type of Acquired immunity is the following:
- Involves T-lymphocytes
- Produces cytokines and other substances
- Activates phagocytes to destroy intracellular microbes
**Cell-mediated immunity**
35
Acquired immunity that is developed due to infection or vaccination
**Active immunity**
36
This acquired immunity is transferred from a source to an individual in need of products - such as from mom to baby
**Passive immunity**
37
These cells have immunoglobulins attached to their membranes allowing cross-linking of antibody and antigen
**B-lymphocytes**
38
T-lymphocytes have what on them allowing interaction of many surface proteins?
**TCR - T cell receptor**
39
B-lymphocytes differentiate into what cell(s)?
**-Plasma cells**
**-B memory cells**
40
T-lymphocytes differentiate in to what cell(s)?
**-Activated T cells**
**-T memory cells**
41
When lymphocytes undergo clonal selection, what are the steps? (3)
**-Activation**
**-Proliferation**
**-Differentiation**
42
Plasma cells are also known as?
**Effector cells**
43
Secondary immune response is also known as?
**Anamnestic response**
44
1st exposure to an antigen is known as _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Primary response**
45
This immune response is mediated by memory lymphocytes
**Anamnestic/Secondary response**
46
Elimination, permanent inactivation, and inhibition are all a part of the __________ of the immune system. This controls and inhibits self-reactive or over-reactive lymphocytes
**Regulation**
47
TRUE or FALSE:
The immune response that causes immunity is associated with natural immunity
**FALSE: Acquired immunity**
48
TRUE or FALSE:
A key characteristic of acquired immunity is being antigen specific
**TRUE**
49
Defends againt intracellular microbes through lymphocytes and their products
**Cell-mediated**
50
Immediately protects the newborn
**Passive immunity**
51
Occurs as a response to 1st exposure to antigen
**Primary response**
52
Activation, proliferation, differentiation
**Clonal Selection**
53
Born with, non-specific
**Natural immunity**
54
Mediated by memory lymphocytes
**Secondary response**
55
Must be induced, specific, adapts to defend
**Acquired immunity**
56
Defends against extracellular microbes, mainly through antibodies
**Humoral immunity**
57
Can be induced by a vaccine
**Active immunity**
58
What is the T-helper cells typical pathogen?
**Phaagocytized microbes**
59
What is the typical pathogen that T-cytolytic cells fight against in adaptive immunity?
**Intracellular microbes**
60
What is the typical pathogen for B cells with regards to adaptive immunity?
**Extracellular microbes**
61
What is the function of T-helper cells in adaptive immunity?
**T-helper cells activate macrophages**
62
What is the function of T-cytoloytic cells in adaptive immunity?
**T-cytolytic cells kill infected cells**
63
What is the function of B cells in humoral immunity?
**The antibodies produced by B cells block infections and eliminate organisms**
64
How does "non-specific" immunity directly recognize and protect the host?
**Innate/Natural immunity**
65
Name the 2 main types of T cells
**-T helper cell (Th)**
**-T cytolytic cell (Tc)**
66
What is the external defense mechanism function? Examples?
**Designed to keep microorganisms at bay and impedes entry into the body.**
**-Benign/normal flora**
**-Skin**
**-Lysozyme**
**-Acid pH in stomach**
67
What is the internal defense mechanism function? Examples?
**Deals with breach of any barrier through different mechanisms.**
**-Inflammatory response**
**-Phagocytic/endocytic**
**-Cells (PMNs, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, etc)**
68
Normal microbial flora competes for nutrients and space in and on the body. This is an example of what defense mechanism?
**External defense mechanism**
69
This defense mechanism provides physical and chemical barriers to protect common portals of microbial entry through the skin and mucous membranes
**External defense mechanism**
70
External defense:
When this increases is causes the break down of protein in bacteria impairing their ability to multiply.
**Temperature**
71
External Defense:
-This is found in the stomach, urine, vagina, and skin and inhibits microbes.
**Low (acidic) pH**
72
Tears from the eyes come from what glands? What substances are in tears?
**-Lacrimal glands**
**-Contain: lysozyme, IgA, IgG, and antimicrobial peptides**
73
Ears have what type of glands? What substances come from these?
**-Sebaceous glands**
**-Oily waxy secretion, fatty acids**
74
The mouth contains what type of glands? What substances are secreted from the salivary glands?
**Salivary glands**
* *-Digestive enzymes
- Lysozyme
- IgA
- IgG
- Lactoferrin**
75
The skin has was type of glands?
What do these glands secrete?
* *Sweat glands
- Lysozyme
- high NaCl
- Short-chain fatty acids**
76
What is in the gastric juice in our stomachs that aids in immune defense?
**Gastric juices contain digestive enzymes (pepsin and renin) and acid (low pH between 1-2).**
77
TRUE or FALSE:
The stomach contains sebaceous glands that secrete fatty acids (sebum)
**TRUE**
78
Cardinal signs of inflammatin (4)
**-Rubor (redness)**
**-Tumor (swelling)**
**-Dolore (pain)**
**-Calore (heat)**
79
What is Rubor?
**Also known as redness or erythema. Inflamed tissue appears red due to dilation of small blood vessels within damaged area.**
80
What is Calore?
**Also known as heat. Vascular dilation and increased blood flow (hyperemia) chemical mediators lead to systemic fever.**
81
What is Tumor (inflammation process)?
**Also known as swelling or edema. Extravascular fluid accumulation as part of fluid exudate and physical mass of cells migrating to the area.**
82
What is Dolore?
**Also known as pain. The stretching/distortion of tissues by edema, pus pressure and also due to chemical mediators (such as serotonin).**
83
What is the most common cell associated with Acute inflammation?
**Neutrophil (PMN, Poly, Seg)**
84
This type of inflammatory response is typically a quick reaction and short-lived
**Acute inflammation**
85
This type of inflammatory response is typically prolonged and may adversely affect function.
**Chronic inflammation**
86
What cell type(s) is associated with chronic inflammation?
**Macrophages and lymphocytes**
87
What are the steps in the inflammation sequence of events? (4)
* *1. Increased blood supply
2. Increased vascular permeability
3. Influx of phagocytes**
88
What causes the first step in the sequence of events for inflammation? (Increased blood supply)
* *Increased blood supply is due to dilation of blood vessels (vasodilation)
- chemical mediators (such as histamine) from injured cells
- Causes redness and heat (Rubor & Calore)**
89
What causes increased vascular permeability in the inflammation sequence of events?
* *Caused by retraction of endothelial cells lining blood vessels
- Allows fluid in plasma to leak to tissues
- Causes swelling and pain (Tumor and Dolore)**
90
Why is there an influx of phagocytes in the final sequence of events for inflammation?
* *As endothelial cells retract, PMNs move from the vessels in to tissues via diapedesis. They are attracted to the site of injury/infection by chemotaxins.
- PMNs mobilize first (within 30-60 minutes)
- Several hours later, macrophages will arrive to "clean up"**
91
What are acute phase reactants?
* *-Normal serum constituents
- MOST ARE MADE IN THE LIVER
- Nonspecific response
- Increase rapidly with infection, surgery, or other trauma
- Ex. Complement and C-Reactive Protein**
92
This is the most widely used indicator of acute inflammation.
Opsonizes by coating foreign particles and activates complement. Increases rapidly within 4-6 hours after stimulus.
Peak within 24-72 hours
High-sensitivity test is useful for predicting a healthy person's risk of cadiovascular disease.
**C-Reactive Protein**
93
What does it mean to opsonize?
**Enhance phagocytosis**
94
What is complement?
**A group of ~25 serum proteins that is typically inactive under normal circumstances.
At activation, each component acts on the next in a specific sequence. (Complement Cascade)**
95
This is a very powerful Innate Mechanism
**Complement**
96
What are the functions of complement? (3)
* *-Direct cytolysis of foreign organisms
- Opsonization
- Directs phagocytes**
97
Functions of CRP? (2)
* *-Opsonization
- Complement activation**
98
What are cytokines?
**Secreted proteins that act as chemical messengers**
99
TRUE or FALSE
Cytokines are plieotropic (multiple functions)
**TRUE**
100
What are the 3 functions of cytokines in the Natural Immune System?
**1. Stimulates inflammation**
**2. Activate cells - Natural Killer cells & macrophages**
**3. Prevent viral infections (interferon)**
101
What are different names for cytokines? (5)
**-Chemokines**
**-Interleukins (IL)**
**-Interferon (INF)**
**-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)**
**-Colony stimulating factors (CSF)**
102
What are the most important phagocytic cells? (4)
**Neutrophils**
**Monocytes**
**Macrophages**
**Dendritic**
103
Phagocytes come into contact with pathogens through what process?
**Chemotaxis**
104
What are the 2 most important chemotactic factors?
**1. Proteins from bacteria**
**2. Compement components (C3a & C3b)**
105
Two major opsonins dealing with phagocytic pathogen recognition
**1. C3b (PMNs and macrophages have receptors)**
**2. Immunoglobulin G (IgG)**
106
Sequence of events for phagocytes to be successful
**1. Physical contact**
**2. Phagosome formation**
**3. Phagolysosome formation**
**4. Exocytosis**
107
Definition:
Structure formed by the fusion of cytoplasmic granules and phagosome
**Phagolysosome**
108
Phagosome sequence of events:
This is due to chemotaxis and opsonins
**Physical contact**
109
Phagosome sequence of events:
This is the formation of vacuole within cell as its pseudopod surrounds a particle.
**Phagosome formation**
110
Pagosome sequence of events:
Excretion of material after digestion by enzymes (releasing remains from cells)
**Exocytosis**
111
What are the following examples of?:
Mucus secretions
Cilia
Antimicrobial substances (such as lysozyme)
Acidic pH (stomach, vagina, urine, and skin)
Normal microbial flora
**External defense mechanisms**
112
What are immune system cells derived from?
**Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells**
113
What cell line is a part of Innate immunity?
**Myeloid cells:**
**Neutrophils**
**Eosinophils**
**Basophils/Mast cells**
**Monocytes/Macropahges/Dendritic cells**
114
Why are neutrophils considered the "marines" of phagocytic cells?
**-1st to arrive and try to get the situation under control**
115
Most important phagocytes (4)
**Neutrophils**
**Macrophages**
**Dendritic Cells**
**Natural Killer Cells**
116
Name the cell
Effector Function:
Phagocytosis and digestion of microbes
**Neutrophil**
117
Name the cell
Effector function:
Immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions; Defense against helminths
**Eosinophil**
118
Name the cell
Effector function:
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (allergic)
**Basophil**
119
Name the cell
Effector function:
Tissue specific immediate hypersensitivity reactions (allergic)
**Mast cell**
120
Name the cell
Effector function:
Circulating macrophage precursor
**Monocyte**
121
Name the cell
Effector function:
Tissue specific phagocytosis and digestion of microbes; antigen presentation to T-cells
**Macrophage**
122
Name the cell:
Effecto function:
Tissue specific antigen presentation to naive T-cells; initiation of adaptive responses
**Dendritic cells**
123
Macrophage in lungs
**Alveolar macrophage**
124
Macrophage in the liver
**Kupffer cells**
125
Macrophage in the brain
**Microglial cell**
126
Macrophage in connective tissue
**Histocytes**
127
Most important functions of eosinophils
**1. Neutralize basophil and mast cell products (after allergic reactions and clean up)**
**2. Kill some parasites**
128
Mast cells can live how long?
**9-18 months**
129
What enzymes are included in mast cells?
**Acid phosphatase**
**Alkaline phosphatase**
**Proteases**
130
"Macrophage precursor"
**Monocyte**
131
Antigen presenting cells to T-helper lymphocytes
**Macrophages**
132
Specialized phagocytic cell
Actively motile, continuously sample surroundings by endocytic processes (phagocytosis).
Antigen presenting cell (APC)
Very efficiently active T-cells
Can dictate T-cell development to control responses to antigens
**Dendritic cells**
133
Kills microbe infected cells without using antigen specific receptors
**Natural Killer Cells**
134
TRUE or FALSE
Natural Killer cells are part of the Innate immune system
**TRUE**
135
TRUE or FALSE
Natural Killer Cells are part of myeloid morphology
**FALSE**
**Monocytic**
136
Langerhans' cells is another name for what type of cell?
**Dendritic cell**
137
Receptors on WBC cell surfaces recognize BROAD structures or motifs that are primitive.
**TLR**
**Toll-like Receptors**
138
Most potent phagocytic cell in tissue
**Dendritic cell**
139
Kills infected cells without using antigen receptors
**Natural Killer Cells**
140
Enters tissue and specializes
ex. Microglial cells
**Macrophage**
141
1st phagocytic cell to reach "battle field"
**Neutrophils**
**AKA**
**PMNs, Polys, Segs**
142
Associated with hypersensitivity reactions, short lived
**Basophil**
143
APC that circulates before migrating from blood to tissue
**Monocyte**
144
Associated with allergies/parasitic infection
**Eosinophil**
145
Found on mucose membranes and skin, coated with IgE
**Mast cell**
146
Acquired immune response depends on what?
**Lymphocytes - B and T**
**Antigen presenting cells- APCS (bring antigens)**
147
What cells are APCs?
**Macrophages**
**Dendritic Cells**
**Some B-cells**
148
Main role of APCs
**Present antigens to antigen sensitive lymphocytes**
149
Which lymphocyte provide immunoregulation and cell mediated immunity?
**T-cells**
150
Which lymphocyte provide antibody production (humoral immunity)?
**B-cells**
151
Where are lymphocytes produced?
**Bone marrow**
152
What is the only cell capable of producing antibodies?
**B lymphocytes**
153
These cells mediate humoral immunity
**B lymphocytes**
154
What is the antigen receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes?
**Antibody**
155
What is a memory cell?
**An antigen of protein variety**
156
When a naive B cell binds to antigen what 2 steps occur?
**1. Proliferation- cells start dividing**
**2. Differentiation- B cells become memory cells or effector cells (plasma cells)**
157
This cells key role is in cell-mediated immunity
**T lymphocytes**
158
Mature T cells have these on them
**TCR (T-cell Receptors)**
159
What is a t-cell receptor?
**Unique receptor on T lymphocytes that recognizes antigen in association with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)**
160
This cell interacts with APCs to become activated and becomes an effector cell that secretes cytokines
**T helper cells**
161
This cell is influenced by T helper cells. They recognize and eliminate cells infected with microbes or tumors.
**T cytotoxic cells (Tc)**
162
Tc effector cells
**Cytolytic or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes**
163
Antigen receptor for B cells is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Antigen receptor for T cells is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**B cells - ANTIBODY**
**T cells - T Cell Receptor (TCR)**
164
Cells for HUMORAL immunity
**B lymphocytes**
165
Cells for CELL MEDIATED immunity
**T lymphocytes**
166
Antigen receptor of B lymphocytes
**Antibody**
167
Antigen receptor on T lymphocytes
**TCR**
168
What does a plasma cell produce?
**Antibodies**
169
What do T helper cells produce?
**Cytokines**
170
What do Tc cells do?
**Kill altered cells**
171
This system is specialized connective tissue and organs where major cellular components are organized.
It is the physical location for interaction between leukocytes and APCs.
It is the site where immune responses are initiated and developed.
Contains high numbers of lymphocytes that mediate responses (Cellular immunity & Humoral immunity)
**Lymphoid System**
172
Name the cell type:
Key cells in acquired immune response
20-50% of circulating WBCs
**Lymphocytes**
173
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
**Bone marrow**
174
Site of T lymphocyte maturation
**Thymus**
175
Where do mature B lymphocytes circulate?
**Blood -\> lymph nodes and spleen -\> recirculation**
176
Where to T lymphocytes circulate?
**Blood and lymph -\> mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissue -\> recirculate**
177
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
**Fetal liver**
**Adult bone marrow**
**Thymus gland**
178
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
**Spleen**
**Lymph nodes**
**Aggregates of cells in MALT and CALT (Mucosal/Cutaneous Associate Lymphoid Tissue)**
179
T and B cells are _________ in the primary lymphoid organs
**Developed**
180
These lymphoid organs are involved in the initiation of immune responses
**Secondary lymphoid organs:**
**Spleen**
**Lymph nodes**
**MALT**
**CALT**
181
Center for antigen-_independent_ lymphopoiesis
**Bone marrow**
182
Site for B cell maturation
**Bone marrow**
183
Site for T cell maturation
**Thymus**
184
Center for antigen-_dependent_ lymphopoiesis
**Secondary lymphoid organs:**
**Spleen**
**Lymph nodes**
**CALT**
**MALT**
185
Main sites for production of antibodies and induction of antigen-specific T lymphocytes
**Secondary lymphoid organs:**
**Spleen**
**Lymph nodes**
**MALT**
**CALT**
186
Route of circulation for B and T cell migration
**Blood -\> Secondary lyphoid tissue -\> Lymphatics -\> Thoracic duct -\> Blood stream**
187
Where are B and T cells born?
**Bone marrow**
188
Largest secondary organ
**Spleen**
189
Spleen Structure and Function:
Removes old/defected cells using macrophages
**Red pulp**
190
Spleen Structure and Function:
Contains lymphoid tissue
Site of antibody production/ antigen-specific T cells
**White pulp**
191
Spleen Structure and Function:
White pulp is mostly in this area
**PeriArteriolar Lymphoid Sheath (PALS)**
192
Spleen Structure and Function:
These cells are located in the central zone close to dendritic cells (APCs)
**T cell lymphocytes**
193
What do antigen stimulated T cells produce?
**Effector T cells**
**&**
**Memory cells**
194
What do Effector T cells produce?
**Cytokines/killer cells**
195
Purpose of memory cells produced by antigen-stimulated T cells
**Prepared to produce cytokines/killer cells**
196
Spleen Structure and Function:
These cells are located in the marginal zone of PALS, usually in follicles
**B cell lymphocytes**
197
Spleen Structure and Function:
Which B cells are in primary follicles of the marginal zone?
**_Unstimulated_ B cells**
198
Spleen Structure and Function:
Which B cells are in secondary follicles in the marginal zone of the spleen?
**_Stimulated_ B cells**
199
Type of cells produced by antigen-stimulated B cells
**Plasma cells**
**&**
**Memory cells**
200
Purpose of Plasma cells
**Produce antibodies**
201
Purpose of Memory B cells
**Prepared to produce antibodies**
202
Spleen Structure and Function:
Location of T lymphocytes
**PALS - central**
203
Spleen Structure and Function:
Location of activated B lymphocytes
**Secondary follicles**
204
Spleen Structure and Function:
Location of B lympocytes
**PALS - marginal**
205
Spleen Structure and Function:
Location of PALS
**White pulp**
206
Spleen Structure and Function:
Removes RBCs
**Red pulp**
207
Spleen Structure and Function:
Location of naive B lymphocytes
**Primary follicles**
208
Small ovoid structures that filter lymph fluid for antigens and is the site of antigen-lymphocyte interaction
**Lymph nodes**
209
The ______ of lymph nodes is located around the periphery and has a concentration of B cells
**Cortex**
210
The ________ of lymph nodes is located between follicles and the medulla. It is the site of T cells
**Paracortex**
211
Location of MALT
**GI**
**Respiratory tract**
**Urogenital tract**
**Peyer's Patches**
**Tonsils**
212
Location of CALT
**Under skin epithelia**
213
TRUE or FALSE
All immunogens are antigens, not all antigens are immunogens
**TRUE**
214
Substance that induces an immune response through the creation of antibodies and cellular response
**Immunogen**
215
Substance that interacts with antibodies or sensitized cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response
**Antigen**
216
DEFINITION:
Self or host antigens; normally do not elicit immune response
**Autoantigens**
217
DEFINITION:
Different individuals within the same species
Due to genetic variances, immune response may be elicited
Ex. blood transfusion reactions
**Alloantigens**
218
DEFINITION:
An antigen originating from a species foreign to the antibody producer
Individual will form an immune response
**Heteroantigen**
219
Best type of immunogen because the structure is complex
**Protein**
220
Less immunogenic because structure is simple
**Carbohydrate**
221
Linear epitope
**Sequence of amino acids on a chain**
222
Conformational epitope
**Folding of chains allowing non-sequential amino acids in close proximity**
223
These cells react with linear and conformational epitopes
**B cells**
224
These cells only recognize epitopes together with MHC molecule
**T cells**
225
For these cells, epitopes must be present on the surface
**B cells**
226
For these cells, epitope can be found anywhere on the "invading" organism
**T cells**
227
DEFINITION:
Substances that are usually non-immunogenic
Can elicit an immune response only when they form a complex with a larger (carrier) molecule
**Hapten**
228
DEFINITION:
Substance administered with a vaccine to increase the immune response
Produces local inflammatory response
Attracts immune cells to injection site
**Adjuvant**
229
What are host antigens called?
**Autoantigens**
230
Antigens derived from individuals of the same species
**Alloantigens**
231
Antigens derived from different species
**Heteroantigens**
232
TRUE or FALSE
A immunogen will be more effective if it DOES include a hapten but DOES NOT include an adjuvant
**FALSE**
**Should include an adjuvant and NOT a hapten**
233
DEFINITION:
Secreted proteins that act as chemical messengers
**Cytokines**
234
- Pleiotropic
- Glycopeptides
- Made by a variety of cells
- Prevent viral infections
- Important inflammation agents
- Communicatino between cells
**Cytokines**
235
This cytokine affects the same cell that secreted it
**Autocrine**
236
This cytokine affects a target cell in close proximity
**Paracrine**
237
This cytokine has a systemic action (distant cells)
**Endocrine**
238
This cytokine type acts as messengers between WBCs
**Interleukin (IL)**
239
This cytokine type is the 1st found to interfere with viral replication
**Interferon**
240
What are the 3 different interferons?
**Alpha**
**Beta**
**Gamma**
241
What does IFN-gamma do?
**Activates macrophages**
242
What are IFN-alpha and IFN-beta?
**Antiviral cytokines**
243
DEFINITION:
Type of cytokines that stimulate the WBC movement
Regulate the migration of WBCs from blood to site of infection
**Chemokines (**_Chemo_**tactic cyto**_kines_**)**
244
This Interleukin is a pyrogen produced by monocytes and macrophages that induces fever by stimulation of the hypothalamus, induces production of colony stimulating factors, and induces production of chemokines and IL-6
**Interluekin-1 (IL-1)**
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IL-1alpha location
**Remains intracellular**
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IL-1Beta location
**Systemic- cleaved intracellularly and then secreted across the membrane**
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This is an antagonist cytokine that blocks IL-1 receptor
**IL1-RA**
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This cytokine has an important part of acute phase reaction and adaptive immune response and is triggered by IL-1
**Interleukin-6 (IL-6)**
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This cytokines major source is macrophages
It can activate T cells to respond to a pathogen
Its most prominent member causes vasodilation and increased vasopermeability
**Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)**
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High levels of this cytokine can cause sever pathology such as decreased blood pressure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), or even septic shock.
**Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)**
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Also known as T-cell growth factor
**Interleukin-2 (IL-2)**
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Cytokine that activates naive T helper cells into Th2
**Interleukin-4 (IL-4)**
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Cytokine that links T cell activation and eosinophilic inflammation.
Produced by Th2 cell and mast cells
Stimulates growth, differentiation and activation of eosinophils
**Interleukin-5 (IL-5)**
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Cytokine that is an anti-inflammatory and suppressive cytokine (down-regulator)
Has major role in suppression of IFN-gamma
**Interleukin-10 (IFN-10)**
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This cytokine activate macrophages
Mainly produced by Th1 cells
Helps regulate Th1, Tc, and NK cells
Stimulates antigen presentation by MHCI and MHCII
**Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)**
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This interleukin drives stem cells into lymphocyte differentiation
**Interleukin-3 (IL-3)**
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Cytokines:
Natural defense again gram negative bacteria
**TNF - Tumor Necrosis Factor**
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Cytokines:
Antiviral action
**Interferon (alpha and beta)**
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Cytokines:
Regulation of WBCs from blood to tissue
**Chemokines**
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Cytokines:
Stimulates hematopoiesis
**Erythropoietin**
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DEFINITION:
Strands of DNA that carry all the genes, with 23 pairs in each human cell
**Chromosomes**
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DEFINITION:
A unit of genetic material that codes for hereditary traits
**Gene**
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DEFINITION:
The position of a gene on a chromosome
**Locus**
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DEFINITION:
A different form of a gene that codes for a slightly different form of the same product
**Allelle**
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DEFINITION:
A set of genes that are located close together on a chromosome and are usually inherited as a single unit
**Haplotype**
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DEFINITION:
Variability at a gene locus in which the variants occur at a frequency of \>1%
**Genetic polymorphism**
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This is the most polymorphic gene cluster known in humans
**Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)**
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Used to present antigen to T cells
Found on all _nucleated_ cells
Pivotal role in development of humoral and cell-mediated immunity
**MHC - Major Histocompatibility Complex**
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Where are the genes for MHC located?
**Chromosome 6**
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Class I MHC are located on which loci?
**A, B, C**
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Class II MHC are located on which loci?
**DP, DQ, DR**
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