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Immunology > Immunology: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Immunology: Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

First Line of Defense

A

Skin- physical barrier.

Secretions by mucosal membranes. Oil, ear wax, pH of certain fluids, tears, saliva, etc.

Normal flora- compete with pathogens for nutrients

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2
Q

Skin as a 1st line of defense

A

top layer is composed of dead cells so microbes can’t attach to it and viruses can’t live within it.
Also composed of keratin which repels water, also inhibiting microbe growth.

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3
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils- most abundant. first cells to encounter infections. phagocytosis

Eosinophils- anti-parastiic responses and allergy rxns

Basophils- allergies and inflammation

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4
Q

Monocytes/Macrophages

A

Monocytes are in blood and macrophages are in tissues. Kupfer cells are in liver.

Increase in #’s with inflammation, infections, and certain cancers. Phagocytosis and APC.

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5
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells- mature to produce antibodies. then they are called plasma cells

T cells- Cytoxic (kills cells infected with pathogens) & helper cells (coordinate the acquired immune response)

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6
Q

Three classes of molecules in immune system

A
  1. Pattern recognition receptors- recognize PAMPs
  2. Cytokines- cell to cell communication
  3. Complement proteins- cascade of protein response
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7
Q

Innate immunity

A

Born with.
Non-specific.
No memory.
Happens First.

Pretty much everything but T, B, and NK cells

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8
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Allows body to recognize, remember, and respond to antigen in future.

Can be acquired (naturally or vaccination) or passive (injecting Ab or from mother)

T, B, and NK cells

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9
Q

Cellular Response

A

T cells (cytotoxic)

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10
Q

Humoral Response

A

B cells (antibodies)

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11
Q

Antibody

A

aka Immunoglobins (Ig)

produced in plasma cells. found in serum and bodily secretions

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12
Q

Antibody Structure

A

2 heavy chains and one light chain.

Intra-chain disulfide bonds and inter-chain disulfide bonds

Hinge region- points at which arms form Y. flexibility

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13
Q

Heavy/Light Chains

A

Each has a constant region and a variable region (different antigen-binding abilities)

Heavy- gives Ab its class (on constant region..also effector functions)
Light- either kappa or lambda.

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14
Q

Papain

A

Cuts Ab into three pieces (2 Fab and 1 Fc)

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15
Q

Fab region

A

involved in antigen binding.

composed of light chain and part of heavy chain

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16
Q

Fc region

A

effector functions.

only heavy chain.

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17
Q

IgG

A

Majority.
Very stable so lasts longer.
Can cross placenta..immunity for newborns

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18
Q

IgM

A

1st antibody in immune response.
J chain (10 binding sites)
Most effective at activating complement
If present, usually active infection

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19
Q

IgA

A

Predominant in secretions (protects surfaces)
Breast Milk
Opsonization and phagocytosis

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20
Q

IgD

A

on mature B cell surface

Not in serum

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21
Q

IgE

A

least abundant.
attaches to basophils and mast cells causing release of heparin and histamines
allergies/parasites

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22
Q

IgM response

A
  1. lag phase- no Ab
  2. log phase- sharp increase of Ab
  3. plateau phase- antibody levels stabilize
  4. decline phase- levels decrease
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23
Q

Primary immune response

A

Ab production due to encounter with antigen for 1st time

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24
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Much quicker response due to previous exposure

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25
Polyclonal
Antibodies that recognize a single antigen but many different epitopes on that antigen
26
Monoclonal
Only recognizes one specific epitope on single antigen (very specific)
27
Good immunogens characteristics
1. Foriegnness (from host) 2. Size (bigger the better..ideally bigger than 6,000 daltons) 3. Chemical complexity (proteins make best, then polysaccharides, rarely lipids except for syphillis)
28
Haptens
small compounds that cannot stimulate an immune response without attaching itself to a larger molecule
29
Cross reactivity
parts of an antigen are shared by another antigen and illicit same response (can cause auto-immune diseases)
30
Major Histocompatability Complex
``` On chromosome 6. Only class 1 and class 2 are involved in immunity. ``` Human Leukocyte antigen- genes that encode antigen-presenting proteins on the cell surface
31
Class 1 MHC
proteins are expressed on all nucleated cells. | T cell receptors on CD8+ recognize antigen and will trigger apoptosis (viral infections)
32
Class 2 MHC
on all APC (B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells <- most effective) APC cells uptake antigen and load epitope on its membrane T cell receptors on CD4+ recognize epitope and mediate an immune response
33
affinity
measure of how strong an antibody binds to an epitope
34
avidity
measure of affinity x # of binding sites
35
Types of T helper cells
Th1 = stimulates macrophages & phagocytosis Th2 = stimulates antibody production
36
T cell Production
T cell precursor go from BM to thymus. First double positive (CD4/CD8) Then double negative Then either CD4+ or CD8+
37
Positive selection
if T cells recognize self MHC, they survive. if not..death
38
Negative selection
if T cells recognize self, they die.
39
APC
1. dendritic cells- present in tissues 2. macrophages- phagocytosis then present 3. B cells- recognize surface Ig
40
Quiescent
T or B cells that are non-dividing/non-active due to lack of antigen exposure (they are naive)
41
Pleiotropic
the ability of a single cytokine to act on multiple cells with multiple functions
42
Redundant
Two or more cytokines having same fuction
43
Autocrine effect
acts on cell that secreted it
44
Paracrine effect
acts on cells nearby
45
Endocrine effect
acts on distal cells. travels via bloodstream
46
Tumor necrosis factor
cytokine that acts against Gram neg bacteria and causes inflammation
47
Interferons
interfere with viral replication. reason for viral symptoms
48
Interleukins
regulate adaptive immunity. | IL-2 is most important
49
Zymogenes
inactive complement proteins
50
Gram Neg bacteria/RBC in Complement
lysed
51
Gram Pos bacteria
opsonized
52
Where are plasma proteins made?
Most in liver. Exceptions: C1 in intestinal epithelial cells and Factor D in adipose tissue.
53
4 outcomes of complement
1. local vasodilation/vascular permeability 2. attraction of immune cells 3. opsonization (tagging) 4. membrane attack complex
54
Complement regulators
Try to prevent C3 -> C3B (pivotal step in all pathways) C1 inhibitor- inhibits classical pathway by stopping dissociation of C1r and Cls from Clq. Factor H- inhibits alternative pathway by preventing binding of factor B by binding to C3b
55
Complement tests
antigenic assays- quantifies amount of protein using ELISAs functional assays- lytic function is measure
56
CH50
looks at integrity of classical pathway
57
AH50
looks at integrity of alternative pathway
58
Classical Pathway
triggered by antigen-antibody combo (usually IgG & IgM) proteins are C# Recognition: C1 C3 convertase: C4b2a
59
Alternative Pathway
activated by bacteria (usually LPS) proteins are factor B, D Recognition: C3 on microbe C3 convertase- Bb (fragment of Factor B that was cleaved by Factor D) attached to C3
60
Lectin Pathway
activated by PAMP (usually MBL) Proteins start with M Recognition: MBL binding to carb on pathogen C3 convertase: MASP
61
Inflammation
C4a C3a C5a
62
Opsonization
C3b
63
MAC
C5b, C6-C9

Immunology (2 decks)

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