immunology - innate immunity

Question 1

phagocytic cells

Answer 1

• includes neutrophils and macrophages
• eats cells that have been marked by TLR and are signaling infection

Question 2

barrier cells

Answer 2

• includes dendritic cells and eosinophils
• found in skin and epithelial regions of the body

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

• barrier defense
• cellular defense
• nonspecific immunity – the immunity that one is born with
• highly conserved immunity with cellular organelle responses

Question 4

antigen

Answer 4

• an element (living or nonliving) that initiates a generation of antibodies
• anything that the body recognizes as foreign

Question 5

antibody

Answer 5

• an immunoglobulin protein complex that binds, immobilizes, inhibits function of or signals for the destruction of an antigen
• made to fight antigens

Question 6

activated protein

Answer 6

• able to perform a specific function
• the opposite of this is unable to perform said functions

Question 7

naive protein

Answer 7

• protein that is unexposed to the stimulus
• cannot do its job because it is unexposed

Question 8

mature protein

Answer 8

• protein that is ready to be activated

Question 9

signal transduction cascade

Answer 9

a series of reactions that usually increase the response level at each reaction point

Question 10

cross-talk

Answer 10

communication between systems through signal transduction cascade or direct messaging

Question 11

complement system

Answer 11

a series of small proteins in the blood that, when activated, coordinate multiple immune responses

Question 12

cytokines

Answer 12

protein hormones that, when activated, coordinate cellular responses to immunological events

Question 13

barrier defenses

Answer 13

• mucosal linings, skin, secretions
• deals with pathogen access at places like the mouth and eye, and the skin and lungs

Question 14

toll-like receptor

Answer 14

• somewhat specialized
• bind to objects that are not recognized as “self”

Question 15

interferons

Answer 15

proteins that reduce replication of viruses

Question 16

inflammatory response - cytokines

Answer 16

• swelling
• signaling molecules

Question 17

inflammatory response - histamine

Answer 17

causes swelling to take place through the signaling of the dilation of blood vessels

Question 18

cellular defenses

Answer 18

• internal defenses that are mostly found in barrier regions
• can move from one location to another
• coordinates with other cells in both the innate and adaptive systems

Question 19

neutrophils

Answer 19

attracted to signals from TLRs and cytokines; will engulf cells that are marked by TLRs

Question 20

macrophages

Answer 20

• larger than neutrophils
• can engulf multiple/larger cells; multicellular elements

Question 21

dendritic cells

Answer 21

• stimulate adaptive immunity responses through the release of signals and engulf smaller pathogens
• communicates with other cells; secondary role is eating cells

Question 22

eosinophils

Answer 22

• discharge destructive enzymes with a focus on multicellular pathogens
• breaks down multicellular pathogens which then allows macrophages to come in

Question 23

natural killer cells

Answer 23

• able to locate cells without the use of TLR
• initiates the cells self destruct sequence
• does NOT eat/engulf cells

Question 24

mast cells

Answer 24

• granule filled cells playing a role in inflammation and wound healing by releasing histamines
• found in non blood tissue
• role = cause inflammatory responses

Question 25

basophils

Answer 25

- initiate and coordinate inflammatory responses - found only in the blood

Question 26

monocytes

Answer 26

undifferentiated dendritic cells or macrophages (parent cell to the two)

Question 27

gamma delta T cells

Answer 27

- found specifically in gut and uterine mucosa - part of the borders; digest elements