Immunology Module 2A

Question 1

what are cytokines?

Answer 1

chemical messengers

Question 2

what is chemotaxis?

Answer 2

movement of wbcs to area of inflammation in response to release of chemical mediators

Question 3

what is opsonization?

Answer 3

process of tagging foreign pathogens for elimination of phagocytes

Question 4

what are interferons?

Answer 4

released in response to a virus and inhibit growth of virus

Question 5

what are interleukins?

Answer 5

these are lymphokines that enable the immune system to communicate and stimulate proinflammatory chemicals that initiates the immune response

Question 6

what is an antigen?

Answer 6

anything that is foreign–bacteria or viruses

Question 7

what is an antibody?

Answer 7

proteins that bind to antigens and mobilize to destroy them

Question 8

what is antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 8

humoral immunity
antibodies are responsible for protection against bacteria/viruses

Question 9

what is cellular immunity?

Answer 9

the protective immune response involves activation of phagocytes, antigen-sensitized cytotoxic t-cells, and the release of cytokines and chemokines in response to antigen.

Question 10

describe active acquired immunity

Answer 10

this is produced by an individual after natural exposure to an antigen or after immunization

Question 11

describe passive acquired immunity

Answer 11

when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his/her immune system

immunoglobulin infusion or mother-infant through placenta

Question 12

where are IgA located or found?

Answer 12

in saliva, eyes, nose, GI tract

Question 13

where is IgM?

Answer 13

largest of the immunoglobulins
first antibody produced during primary immune response

Question 14

what immunoglobulin passes through the placenta?

Answer 14

IgG

Question 15

what immunoglobulin is associated with an immune response?

Answer 15

IgE

Question 16

why are IgG levels elevated in autoimmune diseases?

Answer 16

individuals usually produce too many IgGs that can form antibody complexes with host cells and stimulate destruction of the host’s cells

Question 17

what are anti-IgG levels?

Answer 17

this indicates the immune system is making antibodies to self proteins

Question 18

What does the erythrocyte sedimentation rate measure?

Answer 18

measures the amount of settling of RBCs over 1 hour. Often first indicator of an acute inflammatory process or chronic inflammatory disease

Question 19

what is first line treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 19

sulfasalazine (azulfidine)-sulfa abx

Question 20

what is the mechanism of action for sulfasalazine?

Answer 20

reduces inflammation by decreasing production of arachidonic acid metabolites

Question 21

a woman of childbearing age who presents with a rash, fever, and joint aches should raise suspicion for what?

Answer 21

systemic lupus eruthematous

Question 22

in rheumatoid arthritis, the patient has joint pain where?

Answer 22

joint pain on both sides

Question 23

what are the symptoms of SLE?

Answer 23

malar rash-butterfly rash
discoid rash
photosensitivity
oral ulcers
arthritis-symmetrically
ana can be positive or negative

Question 24

what symptoms are apart of an SLE flare?

Answer 24

increased fatigue
pain
rash
fever low grade (can occur at night)

Question 25

what is the mechanism of action of plaquenil?

Answer 25

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

Question 26

fibromyalgia is most common among women aged?

Answer 26

20-50

Question 27

what is the criteria needed for fibromyalgia diagnosis? how long do symptoms have to last?

Answer 27

fatigue waking unrefreshed cognitive (memory or thought) problems multiple painful areas on the body 3 months

Question 28

what are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 28

fatigue anorexia weight gain/loss joint pain-on both sides low grade fever eye pain chest pain when taking a deep breath pain is present upon awakening, doesn't improve

Question 29

what is juvenile idiopathic arthritis? (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis)

Answer 29

it is a diverse spectrum of chronic arthritides, it involves more than 1 joint for more than 6 weeks in a patient that is younger than 16 yrs old.

Question 30

what are symptoms of juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

Answer 30

evanescent erythematous rash-with joint aches generalized lymphadenopathy hepato or splenatomegaly-or both serositis warmth and redness in joints fatigue decreased appetite, poor weight gain swollen, stiff and painful joints

Question 31

where is IgA found?

Answer 31

it is an antibody that is found in mucous membranes of respiratory and digestive tracts

Question 32

what is IgA vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

Answer 32

it is an autoimmune-mediated small vessel vasculitis characterized by nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura with variable skin, joint, gastrointestinal and renal manifestations. most common in childhood

Question 33

what should you evaluate if a patient presents with severe, colicky abdominal pain and vomiting in children?

Answer 33

evaluate for intussusception with ultrasound

Question 34

what is the classic triad of symptoms of IgA idiopathic vasculitis?

Answer 34

purpura, arthralgia, and abdominal pain

Question 35

what kind of rash is present in IgA idiopathic vasculitis?

Answer 35

Palpable purpura and/or petechiae