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Infection and immunity > Immunology Overview > Flashcards

Immunology Overview Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Edward Jenner and Vaccination

A

1796 - inoculation with cowpox to protect against smallpox

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2
Q

what is the only disease eradicated by humans?

A

Small pox

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3
Q

Why does the small pox vaccine work?

A

Cow pox is a related virus

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4
Q

Innate immune response

A

Non-specific recognition
No memory
Physical barriers
Secreted components
Proteolytic enzymes
Complement cascade
Ion chelators
Interfons
Phagocytes
NK cells

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5
Q

Adaptive Immune response

A

Specific recognition
Memory - secondary immune response
T cells (CD4 and CD8)
B cells - antibodies

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6
Q

How is the secondary immune response different from primary?

A

A shorter or no lag period
More efficient response
More antibodies produced
Antibody concentration remains higher for longer

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7
Q

What cells do common lymphoid
progenitor cells produce?

A

White blood cells

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8
Q

What cells do common myeloid progenitor cells produce?

A

Dendritic cells
Granular cells like phagocytes
Red blood cells

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9
Q

Immature dendritic cells …

A

are highly phagocytic
engulf extracellular fluids
myeloid derived

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10
Q

Granular cells

A

have granules in the cytoplasm
are short lived
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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11
Q

what is the mast cell progenitor?

A

unknown

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12
Q

Mature dendritic cells are

A

the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

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13
Q

mature dendritic cell are

A

Specialised at antigen presentation and not really phagocytic
activate T cells

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14
Q

list the 6 myeloid cells

A

Macrophage
dendritic cells
Neutrophils
eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils

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15
Q

Myeloid cells are

A

Primarily secretory cells that can be activated by antibodies

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16
Q

Eosinophils function

A

kill larger pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed

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17
Q

Basophils are

A

not fully understood but involved in allergy and parasitic immunity

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18
Q

mast cells secrete

A

histamine

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19
Q

naive B and T cells..

A

circulate through the blood and lymph looking for antigens

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20
Q

what happens in the lymph node?

A

B and T cells are activated

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21
Q

What do H&E stains show?

Study These Flashcards
A

nucleus in purple
and cytoplasm in pink

22
Q

Overview of B cells

Study These Flashcards
A

mature in and derived from the bone marrow
Express immunoglobulin BCR
differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells

23
Q

Overview of antibodies

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A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
produced and secreted by b cells
antigen specific variable regions

24
Q

What is the antibody effector function determined by?

Study These Flashcards
A

the constant Fc region

25
What is used as a parameter to measure the immune response?
Antibody levels
26
what are the 4 effector functions of antibodies?
Neutralise toxins and viral particles Neutralise adhesion from bacteria Opsonisation Complement activation
27
What does antibody neutralisation do?
Prevent toxins binding to cell receptors make antigen-antibody complex engulfed by phagocytes also used on viruses
28
What does antibody opsonisation do?
Antibodies bind to and coat bacterial cells Fc regions then bind to macrophages bacteria cells destroyed by phagocytosis
29
What does antibody complement activation do?
antibodies bind to complement proteins to activate the complement cascade to destroy the antibody pathogen complex "complement antibody function"
30
Overview of T cells
Derived from the bone marrow but mature in the thymus express TCR Recognise foreign antigens on HLA (MHC) effector T cells
31
What can effector T cells do?
Help B cells make antibodies Promote bactericidal activity of macrophages cytolysis of infected cells
32
What does CD stand for?
Cluster of differentiation
33
T helper cells overview
express CD4 Recognise HLA class 2 Release cytokines and help B cells and activate macrophages
34
T cytotoxic cells overview
express CD8 Recognise HLA class 1 lysis of infected and tumour cells
35
Do T cells have a secondary response?
Yes
36
T cell life cycle
1. mature in the thymus 2. Circulation in search for antigens 3. recognise antigen 4. clonal expansion 5. effector function 6. death or a few remain as memory cells
37
Which cells are antigen-presenting cells?
Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
38
how do B cells present antigens?
Using HLA class 2 receptors
39
Why is there such variation in HLA receptors?
genetic polymorphism allows for a massive number of specific receptors to be made
40
What antigens do B cells recognise?
proteins with folding and conformation - the antigen
41
What antigens do T cells recognise?
fragments of the antigen 10ish aa presented by HLA
42
antibodies often recognise conformational epitopes. what is an epitope?
portion of the antigen that is bound to the antibody
43
what is a primary lymphoid organ?
a site of major lymphoid Development
44
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow - lymphoid progenitors and B cell s Thymus - T cell development
45
What is a secondary lymphoid organ?
a major site lymphocyte interaction with antigens and other lymphocytes
46
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
spleen lymph nodes mucosal-associated lymphoid issue: tonsils, BALT and peyer's patches
47
What happens in a secondary lymphoid organ?
T cell recognition from dendritic cells T cells and B cells interacting if they are presenting the same antigen
48
What development do T cells undergo in the thymus?
positive selection - can recognise HLA negative selection - self antigens are killed off
49
Where do pathogens go once detected?
they enter the draining lymph node and naive immune cells interact with antigens and the mature cells enter the bloodstream
50
why are lymph nodes highly organised?
so the cells sit in different areas and this maximises the interaction between different cells
51
When are germinal centres present?
during infection
52
what happens when a dendritic cell (APC) enters the lymph node?
1. presents the antigen to the T cell to activate them 2. T cells then enter B cell areas to activate them 3. cell proliferation 4. b cell migration to the medulla and production of antibodies

Infection and immunity (22 decks)

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