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BFI: Biology > Immunology; Vaccinations > Flashcards

Immunology; Vaccinations Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

Component of foreign material that the body uses to recognise the foreign body

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2
Q

What is an Immunogen?

A

Body induces an immune response

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3
Q

Epitope/Antigenic Determinant

A

Within a given antigen, there are specific parts of the molecule that immune system uses to recognise it

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4
Q

Difference between Innate + Adaptive

A

Innate - non-specific, not affected by previous contact with infectious agent

Adaptive - highly specific recognition of an antigen + generation of immunological memory

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5
Q

What does immune cells arise from?

A

Single pluripotent progenitor cell within bone marrow

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6
Q

Whee does T-lymphocytes differentiate?

A

Thymus gland

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7
Q

What produces + secretes antibody?

A

B - lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages?

A

Mononuclear phagocytic cells

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9
Q

What do mononuclear phagocytic cells secrete?

A

Secrete molecules that:

  • Destroy bacteria directly
  • Recruit other immune cells to site of infection
  • Stimulate inflammatory response through Vasodilation
  • Activate other immune cells to help destroy foreign body
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10
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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11
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytose microorganism to destroy them

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12
Q

Function of Eosinophils + Basophils

A

Involved in extracellular killing of microorganism

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13
Q

5 distinctive attributes of Adaptive immunity

A

(1) Specificity - act specific to invading molecule
(2) Inducibility - cells of AIS activated only in antigen response
(3) Clonality - once activated, cells proliferate + form identical cell (clones)
(4) Unresponsive to self - not act on the body’s own cells
(5) Memory - memory about specific pathogens

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14
Q

What could adaptive immune responses be?

A

Cell-mediated - body induces CMIR only against specific endogenous antigens which involves T cells
Humoral - body induces humeral response against exogenous pathogens + involves antibody production, involves B cells independently / dependent with T-helper cells

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15
Q

What does an antibody monomer consist of?

A
  • 2 heavy polypeptide chains

- 2 light polypeptide chains

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16
Q

What regions are there in the FAB domain?

A

Variable region

Constant region

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17
Q

Function of Variable region

A

Involved in antigen recognition

Different sequence recognises different antigens

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18
Q

What state is antibodies produced?

A

B-lymphocytes in Naive state

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19
Q

Where are IgM + function?

A

Cell surface of B-lymphocytes in naive state

Act as surveillance molecules ready to bind to any invading antigen

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20
Q

Types of antibody

A

Ig GAME

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21
Q

Ig G

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A

Secondary response of circulatory system

22
Q

Ig A

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A

Involved in Mucosal immunity

23
Q

Ig M

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A

Primary response of circulatory system

24
Q

Ig E

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A

Produced by mast cells + involved in the inflammatory response

25
Vaccination
Exposing individual to a specific antigen in an controlled, non-infectious manner to prime the body into making memory cells
26
What happens when body is exposed to antigen of infectious agent
Body will mount the immune response preventing the infection from taking hold
27
Vaccination programme
Protect people + communities against the most infectious disease
28
Meningitis
Infection of the meninges causing inflammation
29
Meninges
Protective membrane covering the brain + spinal cord
30
What causes meningitis
Viruses or bacteria
31
How many people contract bacterial meningitis + develop septicaemia in the UK each year?
Around 3,400 people
32
How many people will die of bacterial meningitis?
1 in 10
33
How many survivors will suffer side effects
1 in 4
34
Live vaccines
Live, infective microorganisms used to promote a similar response in the body as to a live infection. Promotes life-long immunity but can cause issues such as making the person ill+ replication of microorganism
35
Killed + component vaccines
Contains dead components of microorganism (e.g. cell wall extracts) Immune response towards antigenic components of microorganism No life-long immunity + so repeated vaccinations need to be administered
36
DNA vaccines
gene encoding pathogenic antigen is introduced into human cells and transcribed to express antigenic protein: an immune response is launched by the body. DNA is lost from the cell.
37
Example of live vaccine
Oral polio vaccine + MMR
38
Example of killed + component vaccine
DPT (diptheria, pertussis (whooping cough) + tetanus)
39
Example of DNA vaccine
Bird flu
40
How many types of bacteria cause meningitis + septicaemia
50
41
Common forms of bacteria to cause meningitis + septicaemia in the UK
Meningcoccal sp. | Pneumococcal sp.
42
What causes Meningcoccal infection
Neisseria meningitidis
43
Neisseria meningitidis
Gram-negative diplococcus bacterium that forms part of natural flora at the back of the nose + mouth
44
How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?
Passed from person to person in nasal or oral droplets (kissing or sneezing)
45
Main causative form of meningitis in the UK
Meningitis B
46
Who developed the Meningcoccal B vaccine
Bexsero, Novartis + received its marketing license from the European commission in January 2013
47
Why wasn't Meningcoccal B vaccine introduced into the UK at first>
Joint committee on vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) advise government not to introduce vaccine due to lack of evidence of cost versus benefit
48
When did Meningcoccal B vaccine get introduced
2014
49
How was Bexsero developed
Reverse Vaccinology
50
Method of Reverse Vaccinology
Genome sequence decoded | The proteins most likely to be 'broadly-effective' vaccine candidates are identified
51
% of strains of Meningitis B can Bexsero protect
73%
52
Types of vaccines
Live DNA Killed/component

BFI: Biology (9 decks)

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