Immunology & Vaccines p2

Question 1

Specific immunity is made up of… (2)

Answer 1

1. B-Lymphocytes
2. T-Lymphocytes

Question 2

B-lymphocytes produce ___. T-lymphocytes are cell-____ immunity. Both are triggered by ___ presenting cells.

Answer 2

1. Antibodies
2. Mediated
3. Antigen

Question 3

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins are surface ___ on every cell in the body.
These MHC proteins are “presented” to T-lymphocytes by ___ to trigger the lymphocyte into action.

Answer 3

1. Antigen
2. Macrophages

Question 4

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):
MHC I are surface proteins unique to that ___. MHC II are surface proteins that occur after a cell has interacted with a ___ antigen.

Answer 4

1. Animal
2. Foreign
   - (like a virus)

Question 5

Immune Memory is a rapid & effective response to an ___ or trauma. The immune system will ___ each specific foreign invader!
All subsequent invasion by the same antigen results in more ___ & more ___ responses.

Answer 5

1. Infection
2. Remember
3. Rapid
4. Aggressive

Question 6

Anamnestic response is what?

Answer 6

Immune reaction where a subsequent exposure to said antigen causes a stronger and faster reaction than the initial response.

This is the goal of vaccinations!!

Question 7

Passive Immunity is ___ immunity achieved by antibody and/or T cell transfer from one animal to ___. Examples of this are ___ and ___ serum.

Answer 7

1. Temporary
2. Another
3. Colostrum
4. Hyperimmune serum

Question 8

Active immunity arises when an animal receives an antigen that activates __- and __-___. It creates ___.
Passive immunity arises when an animal receives antibodies from another ___. This provides ___ immunity, but the animal is protected for a ___ time.

Answer 8

1. B- and T-lymphocytes
2. Memory
3. Animal
4. Immediate
5. Shorter

Question 9

Natural immunity is acquired during normal ___ experiences.
Artificial immunity is acquired through ___ procedures.

Answer 9

1. Biological
2. Medical

Question 10

Vaccination mode of action induces ___ immune response and development of ___ memory to specific antigen without developing ____.

Answer 10

1. Specific
2. Immunological
3. Disease

Question 11

Pros of vaccination (3)

Answer 11

1. Sig reduction in disease caused by target antigen in individual & population.
2. Req by law for certain diseases with human health risk (rabies).
3. Other health issues can be evaluated & cared for because owner brings animal in for vaccination.

Question 12

Cons of vaccination (4)

Answer 12

1. Uncommon allergic reactions to vaccines occur.
2. Uncommon tumors may occur due to vaccination.
3. Immune-mediated disease occasionally triggered by vaccines.
4. Vaccines may be ineffective or stress body (esp if inappropriately stored, handled, or applied).

Question 13

Vaccine types:
1. Modified-live virus
2. Killed
3. Adjuvanted
4. Recombinant

Answer 13

1. Virus rendered harmless, multiplies in body.
2. Virus killed, doesn’t multiply in body.
3. Substance added to killed virus to stimulate immune response.
4. Only important antigen in vaccine, such as receptor protein of virus.

Question 14

Vaccine storage (5)

Answer 14

1. Refrigerated at 35-45 F
2. Stored in center of standard size fridge with thermometer next to vax.
3. Stock rotated so new batch are in the back & used last.
4. Food should never be stored with vax
5. Transportation of vax must maintain them at <45 F at all times.

Question 15

Vaccine handling (5)

Answer 15

1. Lyopholized (freeze dried) vaccines should only be reconstituted with diluent provided by manufacturer.
2. Do not reconstitute until ready to use (<30min)
3. Thoroughly mix all vaccines prior to use
4. Use new sterile needle & syringe each time
5. Do not contaminate multi-dose vials

Question 16

Vaccine general guidelines (5)

Answer 16

1. No animal that is ill or possibly ill (elevated temp) should be vaccinated.
2. Animal must have functioning immune system for vaccine to be effective.
3. No vaccines to neonates
4. No vaccines if animal on immunosuppressive meds.
5. No vaccines (or with extreme caution) if history of immune mediate disease.

Question 17

T/F: Live vaccines can be given to pregnant animals

Answer 17

False! They should never receive live vaccines

Question 18

Core vaccines are given to…

Answer 18

Protect against the most prevalent, life-threatening diseases for that species

Question 19

Non-core vaccines…

Answer 19

Not recommended for general population of that species.
- Indications vary with geography, exposure risks, etc

Question 20

Core vaccines in dogs (4)

Answer 20

1. Rabies
2. Parvo
3. Distemper
4. Hepatitis

Question 21

Core vaccines in cats (5)

Answer 21

1. Rabies
2. Rhinotracheitis
3. Calicivirus
4. Panleukopenia
5. Feline Leukemia (outdoor cats)

Question 22

Frequency of vaccination:
In juveniles, vaccines given every __-__ weeks in effort to stimulate ___ response as passive immunity wanes.
Vaccines given more frequently than every __ weeks may fail due to ___ production.
Duration of immunity will vary depending on ___ type & ___ status of individual.
Frequency may be determined by ___; for core vaccines recommended at least every __ years.

Answer 22

a. 3-4 weeks
b. Amnestic
c. 3 weeks
d. Vaccine
e. Immune
f. Law
g. 3 years

Question 23

Titers definition

Answer 23

The measurement of antibody content of serum to a specific antigen

Question 24

The immune response
Foreign material is presented by macrophages to specific immunity ___ production and specific immunity ___-mediated immunity. Who they are presented to varies based on ___. The goal of vaccination is for the bodies immunity to create ___ of antigen ___.

Answer 24

1. Antibody
2. Cell-mediated
3. Disease
4. Memory
5. Elimination

Question 25

A ___ titer does not necessarily mean an animal is protected against said disease. The antibodies created within the body might be ___ or some viruses can change protein coats (ex: flu). A ___ titer does not necessarily mean an animal is not protected against a disease. Titers are considered a ___ tool, but not definitive.

Answer 25

1. High 2. Ineffective 3. Low 4. Monitoring