Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology Block 10 > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

T helper cells are classified as ____ and TH2 cells drive a ____ mediated response

A

CD4

Antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify the most likely type of necrosis to occur in the brain after a stroke

A

Liquefaction necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacuyclin (PGI2) are products of this pathway

A

Arachidonic acid

Cyclooxygenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardinal signs

A 
Rumor 
Calor 
Tumor 
Dolor 
Function laesa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is PGE2 unique

A

Primary one for pain

Associated with fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the most abundant population of WBCs

A

Neutrophils

- segs, PMNs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary leukocyte in acute infection

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Primary cell players in chronic inflammation

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the neutrophils at

A

50% in circulating pool, and 50% in amrginating pool, tethered to the side of the blood vessel walls
-doing a blood count gives us the count that is circulating in the blood, not tethered to the wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neutrophil distribution is influenced by what

A

Activating or inactivating neutrophil adhesion molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Trauma and WBC

A

Trauma causes neutrophils to be released from the marginating pool, causing the WBC to shoot up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Steps of acut inflammation

A
  1. IL-1 and TNFa released and upregulate the expression of E selecting and P selectin
  2. Neutrophils weakly bind to endothelial selectins and roll along the surface
  3. Neutrophils stimulated to express ligand for cellular adhesion molecules
  4. Neutrophils adhere firmly to cellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs and VCAMs)
    - neutrophils then emigrate (via diapedesis), migrate through the tissues (via chemotaxis), phagocytize, degranulate and kill what has been eaten
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IL-8 in acute inflammation

A

Clean up on aisle 8: neutrophils are attracted to site of damage via IL-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Exudates and acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils going into an area and killing themselves, producing pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are a vast majority of mast cells

A

Lungs and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Earliest signs and symptoms of reaction

A

Itching and difficulty breathing because of mast cells in skin and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

A

Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is histamine produced by

A

Basophils, platelet, and mast cells– release triggers include iGE mast cell reactions, anaphylatoxins and IL-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vasoactive amines

A

Histamine

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability produced by platelets

A

Serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anaphylatoxins

A

C3a and C5a

Cause degranulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neutrophil attractants

A

IL-8

C5a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the kinin system produce

A

Bradykinin

-causes vasodilation, pain, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Factor 12 of coagulation cascade

A

Causes prekallikrein to kallikren

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What produces pain
NOT HISTAMINE. Bradykinin
26
Bad actor of COX pathway in arachidonic acid
Thromboxane A2
27
What does aspirin act on
Thromboxane A2
28
What does aspirin
Irreversibly acetylates platelets | -neutralized
29
Is aspirin reversible or irreversible
Irreversible, all other NSAIDs are reversible
30
What is thromboxane A2 produced by
Platelets
31
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
COX Dilates vessels Inhibits stickiness of platelets
32
PGE2
COX Pain Fever
33
What causes pain
PGE2 | bradykinin
34
LOX pathway
Leukotriene | Plays a huge role in the lungs and asthma
35
What does arachidonic acid split into
LOX and COX
36
What does COX split into
PGI2 | TXA2
37
Steroids and arachidonic acid
Hit PAL-2
38
When you want to shut down inflammation fast what do you do
You want to shut down the arachidonic acid cascade by giving steroid Cut head off of snake by adding it to the beginning of the arachidonic acid cascade
39
IL-6
Causes liver to produce acute phase reactants
40
Activate endothelial cell adhesion molecules; initaties PGE2 synthesis in anterior hypothalamic, leading to production of fever
IL1 and TNFa
41
Makes RBC sticky
Fibrinogen | ESR
42
What does fibrinogen do to ESR
Causes it to go up
43
Primary cytokines that acts on liver to produce ACP: ferritin, fibrinogen, CRP
IL-6
44
Ferritin
Iron binder
45
Huge proinflammatory cytokines and initiate PGE2
IL1 and TNFa
46
PMN chemotaxis
IL-8
47
4 outcome of acute inflammation
Complete resolution with regeneration Complete resolution with scarring Abscess formation Transition to chronic inflammation
48
Abscess in brain
Usually with infection, but in brain will be from ischemia, sterile abcsess
49
Causes of chronic infection
- persistenc infeections - mycobacteria phagocytized by macrophages and cause a larger inflamed lesion and granuloma - autoimmune diseases - response to foreign material - response to malignant tumors
50
Monocytes
Macrophages in blood
51
Macrophages in skin
Histiocytes
52
Kupffer cels
Macrophages int he liver
53
Osteoclasts
Macrophages in bone
54
Microglia
Macrophages in brain
55
How can macrophages be modified
Into epithelioid cells in granuloma | -NOT EPITHELIAL CELLS. Macrophages have been activated in granulomas
56
B cells, plasma cels, and T cells
Lymphocytes
57
Key role in parasitic infections and IgE mediated allergic reactions
Eosinophils
58
Major basic protein in eosinophils
Toxic to parasites and tissue
59
High number in lung and skin
Basophils and mast cells
60
Play key role in IgE mediated reactions and can release histamine
Basophils and mast cells
61
What kind of response is epitheliof macrophages in a granuloma
TH1 response, cell mediated
62
What is in the center of granuloma
Central necrosis
63
Purples high protein filled with neutrophils in the exudate
Caused by necrosis
64
Irreversible/often uncontrolled death of many cells
Necrosis
65
Neutrophils and acute
Necrosis
66
May be aseptic due to blood supply loss
Necrosis
67
Two processes in necrosis
Enzymatic digestions of the cell | Desaturation of proteins
68
Four types of necrosis
Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive Caseous Fat
69
Geletin, dead tissues where cells retain their shape but have lost their organelles, structure boundary is maintained
Coagulative necrosis
70
Due to ischemia or infarction: heart attack
Coagulative necrosis
71
When can regeneration occur in coagulative necrosis
If enough viable cells are present around the affected area regeneration may occur
72
What does ischemia cause in the central nervous system
Liquefactive necrosis because there is little structural framework in neural tissue
73
Is coagualtive necrosis septic or aseptic
Aseptic because its from loss of blood supply
74
Usually infectious, forms an abscess, often associated with bacterial or fungal infections
Liquefactive necrosis
75
Exception of liquefactive necrosis
In the brain, it is due to ischemia and is ASEPTIC here but none where else
76
When blood supply is cut off somewhere in the body what does it form
A triangular block
77
Cheesy proteinaceous dead cell mass, smog often observed in TB infections, may be seen in histo, cryptococcosis, and cocciodomycosis
Caseous necrosis
78
White specks. This is death in adipose tissue-small white lesions are formed, most often due to trauma
Fat necrosis
79
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
80
This is critical in an embryo and fine tuning the developing retina
Apoptosis
81
How many ganglion cells die in the apoptosis
70%
82
T helper cells are classified as _____ and TH2 cells drive a ____ mediated response
CD4 | Ab
83
Identify the most likely type of necrosis to occur in the brain after a stroke
Liquefaction necrosis
84
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and the prostacyclin (PGI2) are products of this pathway
- arachidonic acid | - cyclooxygenase

Pathology Block 10 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions