Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PoD - E4 > Immunopharmacology > Flashcards

Immunopharmacology Flashcards

(74 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Immunosuppression principles

A
  • Primary response are more easily and effectively affected than secondary responses
  • Immunosuppressive agents do not affect all immune responses in the same manner
  • Therapy works best before rather than after exposure to an immunogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Clinical uses of immunosuppression

A
  • Organ transplantation
  • Selective immunosuppression (ie erythematosus fetalis and Rh)
  • Autoimmune disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Limitations of immunosuppressive therapy

A
  • Increased risk of infection - the usual microorganisms as well as opportunistic organisms
  • Increased risk of lymphomas and related cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glucocorticoid - Site of Action (General)

A

Glucocorticoid response elements in DNA (regulate gene transcription)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muromonab - CD3 - Site of Action (General)

A

T cell receptor complex (blocks antigen recognition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cyclosporine - Site of Action (General)

A

Calcineurin (inhibits phosphatase activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tacrolimus - Site of Action (General)

A

Calcineurin (inhibits phosphatase activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Azathioprine - Site of Action (General)

A

DNA (false nucleotide incorporation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mycophenolate, Mofetil - Site of Action (General)

A

Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (inhibits activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Daclizumab, Basiliximab - Site of Action (General)

A

IL-2 receptor (block IL-2 mediated T cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sirolimus - Site of Action (General)

A

Protein kinase involved in cell cycle progression (mTOR) (inhibits activity)

mTOR = mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin
Rapamycin = sirolimus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyclosporine - Mechanism of Action

A
  • Calcineurin inhibitor
  • Binds to CYCLOPHILIN A (located in cytoplsam) in T cells to form a complex which binds to an inhibits calcineurin and calcineurin mediated events including the synthesis of cytokines (i.e. IL-2), protooncogenes (i.e. myc and H-ras) and cytokine receptors (i.e. IL-2R)
  • Can also increase production of transforming growth factor (TGF-beta)
  • SELECTIVE FOR T LYMPHOCYTES
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cyclosporine - Uses

A
  • Prevent and treatment of organ rejection (+/- corticosteroids)
  • Autoimmune disorders (ie rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, nephrotic syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cyclosporine - Toxicity

A
  • Nephrotoxicity
  • Hypertension
  • Hepatotoxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tacrolimus - Mechanism of Action

A
  • Calcineurin inhibitor
  • Binds FK506 binding protein-12 (FKBP) (cytoplasmic protein)
  • This leads to inhibition of calcineurin and calcineurin mediated events
  • 100x more potent than cyclosporine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Tacrolimus - Uses

A
  • Similar to cyclosporine
  • Prevent and treatment of organ rejection (+/- corticosteroids)
  • Autoimmune disorders (ie rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, nephrotic syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tacrolimus - Toxicity

A
  • Nephrotoxicity

- Neurotoxicity (ie tremor, headache, motor disturbance, hypertension, diabetes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sirolimus and Everolimus - Mechanism of Action

A
  • Binds to FK506 binding protein-12 (FKBP) like TACROLIMUS but does NOT inhibit calcineurin
  • Instead inhibits mTOR (an important kinase for T cell proliferation)
  • Blocks T cell cycle at the G1 to S transition
  • Uses similar to calcineurin inhibitors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sirolimus and Everolimus - Uses

A
  • Similar to calcineurin inhibitors
  • Prevent and treatment of organ rejection (+/- corticosteroids)
  • Autoimmune disorders (ie rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, nephrotic syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Predinisone and Prednisolone - Mechanism of Action

A
  • Glucocorticoid
  • Unclear mechanism
  • Corticosteroids inhibit T cell proliferation, T cell dependent immunity and expression of genes encoding cytokines
  • T cells > B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prednisone and Prednisolone - Uses

A
  • Prevent organ rejection
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Anti-inflammatory properties important
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Azathioprine - Mechanism of Action

A
  • Cytotoxic drug, non-selective
  • Converted to 6-mercaptopurine in vivo
  • Metabolites inhibit purine synthesis
  • Inhibition of purine synthesis inhibits DNA synthesis, which inhibits T cell proliferation
  • Adjunct for prevention of organ transplant rejection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Azathioprine - Interactions

A
  • If allopurinol given, azathioprine dose should be reduced

- Inhibits XANTHINE OXIDASE (catabolizes azathioprine metabolites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Azathioprine - Toxicity

A
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Leukopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Anemia
  • Increased risk for infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mycophenolate mofetil - Mechanism of Action
- Prodrug converted to mycophenolic acid (MPA) - MPA is a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) - Inhibition of IMPDH inhibits de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotide synthesis - B and T lymphocytes require this pathway for proliferation and thus are selectively sensitive to MPA
26
Mycophenolate mofetil - Uses
- Prophylaxis of transplant rejection
27
Mycophenolate mofetil - Toxicity
- GI effects - Leukopenia - Antacids (magnesium and aluminum) decrease absorption
28
Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) - Mechanism of Action
- Polyclonal antibody from serum of horses or rabbits immunized with human thymus lymphocytes - Binds to circulating T lymphocytes which induces lymphopenia (complement-mediated) and decreases T cell function
29
Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) - Uses
- Used to prevent and treat acute allograft rejection
30
Antithymocyte globulin (ATGAM) - Toxicity
- Serum sickness - Nephritis - Chills - Fever - Rashes
31
Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone) - Mechanism of Action
- Mouse monoclonal antibody against CD3 glycoprotein, which is associated with the T cell receptor complex - Induces internalization of the T cell receptor complex - Decrease in circulating T cells
32
Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone) - Uses
- Reverse transplant rejection
33
Muromonah-CD3 (Orthoclone) - Adverse Effects
- Cytokine release syndrome - Anaphylactic reactions - CNS toxicity - Increased risk for infections and malignancy
34
Daclizumab and Basiliximab - Mechanism of Action
- Humanized monoclonal antibodies - Bind IL-2 receptor on T cells - Inhibit T cell activation (down regulation of IL-2 receptor)
35
Daclizumab and Basiliximab - Uses
- Prophylaxis of acute rejection in renal transplantation
36
Daclizumab and Basiliximab - Adverse Effects
- Increases risk for infections
37
Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) - Mechanism of Action
- Humanized monoclonal antibody - Binds CD52 glycoprotein on B cells, T cells, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells - Induces lympholysis (profound depletion of T cells - apoptosis mediated)
38
Alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) - Uses
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
39
Efalizumab - Mechanism of Action
- Humanized monoclonal antibody - Binds CDIIa subunit of leukocyte function associated 1 (LFA-1) protein on T and B cells - Inhibits interaction between LFA-1 and ICAM-1, which inhibits T cell adhesion and activation
40
Efalizumab - Uses
- Prevent organ transplant rejection | - Psoriasis
41
Tocilizumab - Mechanism of Action
- Humanized monoclonal antibody - Binds IL-6 receptors - Inhibits IL-6 actions
42
Tocilizumab - Uses
- Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
43
Tocilizumab - Adverse Effects
- Increases risk for infection
44
Rituximab - Mechanism of Action
- Humanized monoclonal antibody - Binds CD20 on B lymphocytes - Induces lymphocyte cell lyses
45
Rituximab - Uses
- Chronic lymphoid leukemia - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - Rheumatoid arthritis
46
Anti-TNF Drugs
- Infliximab: mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody - Adalimumab: humanized monoclonal antibody - Etanercept: fusion protein consisting of the ligand binding domain of TNF receptor fused to IgG1 fragment
47
Anti-TNF Drugs - Mechanism of Action
Bind TNF and this neutralizes TNF activity
48
Anti-TNF Drugs - Uses
- Rheumatoid arthritis - Psoriasis - Crohn's disease
49
Anti-TNF Drugs - Toxicity
- Increased risk for infection | - Lymphomas and other cancers
50
Alefacept - Mechanism of Action
- Fusion protein - LFA-3-IgG1 fusion protein that binds to CD2 on T cells - This inhibits the interaction between LFA-3 and CD2, which inhibits T cell adhesion and T cell activation LFA-3 = lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3
51
Alefacept - Uses
- Psoriasis
52
Abatacept/Belatacept - Mechanism of Action
- CTLA4-IgG1 fusion proteins that bind CD80 and CD86 on APC cells - This inhibits the interaction between CD80/CD86 and CD28 on T cell, which INHIBITS THE CO-STIMULATORY PATHWAY
53
Abatacept/Belatacept - Uses
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis - Rheumatoid arthritis (abatacept) - Prevent organ transplant rejection (belatacept)
54
Abatacept/Belatacept - Adverse Effects
Increases risk for infection
55
Uses of Immunostimulatnts
- Treat conditions of immunodeficiency (i.e. AIDS) or to bolster immunity against specific targets - Can act through cellular or humoral immunity - Magnitude of stimulation can be highly variable
56
Uses of Immune Globulins
- Immune globulin contains all immunoglobulin subclasses (IgG > IgM) to provide passive immunity - Many types available Used in various immunodeficiency states to prevent: - Measles - Hepatitis A - Autoimmune hemolytic disease - Tetanus
57
BCG Vaccine - Mechanism of Action
- A viable, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis - Muramyl dipeptide is the active component - Stimulates NK cell and T cell activity
58
BCG Vaccine - Uses
Treatment of bladder cancer
59
BCG Vaccine - Toxicity
Severe hypersensitivity reactions and shock can develop
60
Levamisole - Mechanism of Action
- Synthetic agent | - Inhibits T suppressor cells
61
Levamisole - Uses
- Normally used as antihelminthic agent | - Used as an immunostimulant in colon cancer
62
Isoprinosine - Mechanism of Action
- Synthetic agent | - Increase NK cell cytotoxicity and activity of T cells and monocytes
63
Isoprinosine - Uses
Rarely used
64
Thalidomide - Mechanism of Action
- Synthetic agent | - Decreases circulating TNF-alpha
65
Thalidomide - Uses
- May benefit in severe, refractory arthritis | - Erythema nodosum leprosum
66
Thalidomide - Adverse Effects
Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant due to teratogenic properties
67
Interferon alpha - Mechanism of Action
- Glycoprotein that is part of our natural antiviral defense - Activates macrophages, T lymphocytes and NK cells - Currently human recombinant interferon alpha is used clinically
68
Interferon alpha - Uses
- Cancer | - Hepatitis B and C
69
Interferon alpha - Toxicities
- Flu-like symptoms | - Boxed warning regarding development of pulmonary hypertension
70
Interleukin-2 - Mechanism of Action
- Activates cellular immunity | - Available as natural or recombinant forms
71
Interleukin-2 - Uses
- Metastatic melanoma - Renal cell carcinoma - AIDS patients
72
Interleukin-2 - Toxicities
- Severe hypotension - Cardiovascular toxicity - Pulmonary edema (capillary lead syndrome) is dose limiting
73
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factors - Mechanism of Action
- Glycoproteins produced by monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells - Stimulate increases in numbers of granulocytes and monocytes
74
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factors - Uses
Reduces neutropenia in several instances: - Chemotherapy induced neutropenia - HIV infection - Autologous bone marrow transplantation - Congenital neutropenia - Myelodysplastic syndromes - Aplastic anemia - Myelosuppressive therapy in HIV infection - Stimulation of peripheral blood stem cells obtained for bone marrow transplant - Compromised host (i.e. burn patients) - Chemosensitization of myeloid leukemias

PoD - E4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions