Immunotherapy Flashcards
(49 cards)
each year how many people worldwide are diagnosed with cance
14.1 million
half of .. will get cancer
men
1/3 of … will get cancer
females
immunocompromised individuals are
more susceptible to cancer than the general population
which cytokine is specifically immune-protective against cancer
IL-2
tumour micro-environment is rich in
Tumour infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs)
those patients with few TILs are
far more likely to die
non-small cell lung carcinomas are often found to be being fought by
CD8 Cytotoxic T cells
process immune system uses to recognise cancer cells
1) cancer cells will display calreticulin on its plasma membrane
2) this signals for macrophophages to phagocytose the cancer cell
3) macrophage e.g. dendritic cell stimulates naive T cells (e.g. via MHC I and CD8)
4) killer T cell expansion
5) eliminate cancer cell
3 passes of cancer immune surveillance
elimination –> equilibrium –> escape
elimination stage of cancer immune surveillance
innate and dative immune response against active tumour ( B cells and Ig, T cells, Treg, NK cells
equilibrium stage of cancer immune surveillance
tumour is contained by immune system but not completely destroyed
escape stage of cancer immune surveillance
tumour antigen editing vi genomic instability causes immune evasion and tumour micro-environment becomes immunosuppressive
tumour micro-environment is rich in immune suppressive signals
- high levels of suppressive cytokines
Initiation of T tags (inhibit DCs) - low MHC expression on tumour cells
- high expression of immune checkpoint proteins on T cells
- high expression of immune checkpoint protein inhibitors on tumour cells
most tumur antigens are recognised by
adaptive immunity as self antigens
T cell activation involves
positive and negative signals flowing in both direction
types of cancer treamtent
surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy etc
immunotherapy is
specific , powerful, universal, memory
immunotherapy is not a new idea0 however technique was limited until
advent of hybridoma technology
production of monoclonal antibodies via hybridoma technology
renewed interest int targeting human tumours for diagnosis and therapy
detection of tumour-associated antigens offers an attractive target for
radioisotopes or other toxic substances carried to tumours by mAbs for treatment or imaging purposes
examples of how the immune system can be harnessed to target cancer
- passive vaccination
- activate vaccination
- immune system modulators
- immune checkpoint modulation
- immune cell therapy
passive vaccination
therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
active vaccination
e.g. HPV vaccines and cervical cancer
