Imort

Question 1

What is the change in cardiac parameters during inspiration?

Answer 1

↑ RV preload, ↓ LV preload

Question 2

What murmurs increase during inspiration?

Answer 2

Most right-sided murmurs (↑ RV blood volume)

Question 3

What murmurs decrease during inspiration?

Answer 3

Most left-sided murmurs (↓ LV blood volume)

Question 4

What is the change in cardiac parameters during Valsalva strain phase?

Answer 4

↓ RV & LV preload

Question 5

What murmurs increase during Valsalva strain phase?

Answer 5

MVP & HCM (↓ LV blood volume)

Question 6

What murmurs decrease during Valsalva strain phase?

Answer 6

Most valvular murmurs (↓ flow through valve)

Question 7

What is the change in cardiac parameters during abrupt standing?

Answer 7

↓ RV & LV preload

Question 8

What murmurs increase during abrupt standing?

Answer 8

MVP & HCM (↓ LV blood volume)

Question 9

What murmurs decrease during abrupt standing?

Answer 9

Most valvular murmurs (↓ flow through valve)

Question 10

What is the change in cardiac parameters during squatting?

Answer 10

↑ RV & LV preload, ↑ LV afterload

Question 11

What murmurs increase during squatting?

Answer 11

Most valvular murmurs (↑ flow through valve)

Question 12

What murmurs decrease during squatting?

Answer 12

MVP & HCM (↑ LV blood volume)

Question 13

What is the change in cardiac parameters during passive leg raise?

Answer 13

↑ RV & LV preload

Question 14

What murmurs increase during passive leg raise?

Answer 14

Most valvular murmurs (↑ flow through valve)

Question 15

What murmurs decrease during passive leg raise?

Answer 15

MVP & HCM (↑ LV blood volume)

Question 16

What is the change in cardiac parameters during hand grip?

Answer 16

↑ LV afterload

Question 17

What murmurs increase during hand grip?

Answer 17

AR, MR & VSD (↑ aortic & LV pressure)

Question 18

What murmurs decrease during hand grip?

Answer 18

AS (↓ transvalvular pressure gradient)

Question 19

What is the protein defect in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (Type I)?

Answer 19

Lipoprotein lipase, ApoC-2

Question 20

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (Type I)?

Answer 20

Chylomicrons

Question 21

What are the major manifestations of Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome (Type I)?

Answer 21

Acute pancreatitis, Lipemia retinalis, Eruptive xanthomas

Question 22

What is the protein defect in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II A)?

Answer 22

LDL receptor, ApoB-100

Question 23

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II A)?

Answer 23

LDL

Question 24

What are the major manifestations of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type II A)?”

Answer 24

Premature atherosclerosis, Tendon xanthomas, Xanthelasmas

Question 25

What is the protein defect in Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)?

Answer 25

ApoE

Question 26

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)?

Answer 26

Chylomicron & VLDL remnants

Question 27

What are the major manifestations of Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III)?"

Answer 27

Premature atherosclerosis, Tuboeruptive & palmar xanthomas

Question 28

What is the protein defect in Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)?

Answer 28

Polygenic

Question 29

What are the elevated lipoproteins in Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)?

Answer 29

VLDL

Question 30

What are the major manifestations of Familial Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV)?"

Answer 30

Associated with coronary disease, pancreatitis & diabetes

Question 31

Watery Diarrhea in HIV

Answer 31

Cryptosporidium

Question 32

Bad news should be delivered?

Answer 32

honestly, directly, and using small pieces of information at a time

Question 33

A test result for rheumatoid factor is positive. How about Complement (C3) Segmented Neutrophils Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Tumor Necrosis

Answer 33

Complement (C3): Decreased Segmented Neutrophils: Increased Interleukin-1 (IL-1): Increased Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF): Increased Glucose: slightly decreased

Question 34

Thoracic Duct Anatomy

Answer 34

near the left subclavian vein and the aorta

Question 35

Peptide transporter (TAP) gene

Answer 35

Bare lymphocyte

Question 36

First Aortic Arch

Answer 36

Part of maxillary arteries (branches of the external carotid arteries)

Question 37

Second Aortic Arch

Answer 37

Stapedial arteries (which regress) and hyoid arteries

Question 38

Third Aortic Arch

Answer 38

Common carotid arteries +Proximal part of the internal carotid arteries

Question 39

Fourth Aortic Arch

Answer 39

Left: Part of the arch of the aorta. Right: Proximal part of the right subclavian artery

Question 40

Fifth Aortic Arch

Answer 40

This arch either completely regresses

Question 41

Sixth Aortic Arch

Answer 41

Left: - Proximal part: Left pulmonary artery - Distal part: Ductus arteriosus (which becomes the ligamentum arteriosum after birth) Right: - Proximal part: Right pulmonary artery - Distal part: Regresses

Question 42

Relative Risk (RR)

Answer 42

RR = (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d)). P1/P2

Question 43

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

Answer 43

ARR = (c/(c+d)) - (a/(a+b)). P2-P1

Question 44

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

Answer 44

RRR = ARR / (c/(c+d)) or RRR = 1 - RR

Question 45

Number Needed to Harm (NNH)

Answer 45

NNH = 1 / AR

Question 46

Number Needed to Treat (NNT)

Answer 46

NNT = 1 / ARR

Question 47

Attributable Risk (AR)

Answer 47

AR = (a/(a+b)) - (c/(c+d))

Question 48

SE

Answer 48

SD/. \/ñ

Question 49

CI of mean

Answer 49

Mean +_ z * SE Z 68%= 1 Z 95%=2 Z 99%= 2.5