Impact of Empire Flashcards
(30 cards)
1
Q
What was the Glorious Revolution?
A
William of Orange and Mary II overthrow James II in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. This was the start of Government’s power over the monarchy.
Coronation oath sworn by William and Mary: “We solemnly promise and swear to govern the people of England and the dominions thereun to belonging, according to the statutes in parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same.”
2
Q
“The Pale”
A
A small part of Ireland ruled by the English King
- People that lived in Ireland ‘beyond the Pale’ were stereotyped as wild, savage and uneducated
3
Q
Plantations in Ireland
A
- Late sixteenth - early seventeenth centuries
- Areas of Ireland where English monarchs had encouraged English/Scottish protestants to settle
- The aim was for these settlers who were loyal to the English Crown to control Ireland
4
Q
The Jacobite - Williamite war (The Shipwreck) summary
A
- 1689-91
- March 1689: James arrived in Ireland with 6000 French troops. He passed a law in Dublin, giving back confiscated land back to former Catholic owners.
- April 1689: Jacobite forces swept North, taking land from protestant plantation owners and they surrounded Derry
- Winter 1689: Disease struck and killed 1/3 William’s army
- July 1690: The Battle of the Boyne
- July 1691: Battle of Aughrim
- October 1691: Treaty of Limerick
5
Q
The Battle of the Boyne
A
- July 1690
- no clear winner
- However James lost heart and left Ireland
- demoralised and with many soldiers deserting, the Jacobites retreated from Dublin
6
Q
The battle of Aughrim
A
- July 1691
- 7000 died on each side
- It was a clear win for William
7
Q
Why did people support the Jacobites?
A
- believed that he was the rightful king due to ancient beliefs
- highlanders feared and hated the lowlanders
- resentment of the Campbells (A clan close to william)
- He was still lawfully king of scotland
- He was a stuart
8
Q
Treaty of Limerick
A
- October 1691
- marked the end of the war
- Irishmen that had fought for James were given the choices to: join William’s army, return home or continue following James in the French army. 14,000 soldiers left for France.
- Jacobite landowners were told they could keep their land if they swore allegiance to William and Mary
9
Q
The Flight of the Wild Geese
A
- 1961, caused by Treaty of Limerick
- 14,000 soldiers fled to France with James
- By sending the most committed fighters to France, William removed the risk of the fighting continuing
10
Q
Treatment of Catholics, post-treaty of Limerick
A
- Catholic landowners who didn’t pledge allegiance to William and Mary quickly enough had their land taken away
- William did not stick to the promises of the treaty
- Irish Catholics lost their army, land and political power and were then excluded from government for almost 200 years
11
Q
The Penal Laws
A
- Catholics could neither teach their children nor send them abroad.
- Persons of property could not enter into mixed marriages.
- Catholic property was inherited equally among the sons unless one was a Protestant,
in which case he received all. - A Catholic could not inherit property if there was any Protestant heir.
- A Catholic could not possess arms or a horse worth more than £5.
- Catholics could not hold leases for more than 31 years, and they could not make a profit greater than a third of their rent.
- The hierarchy of the Catholic Church was banished or suppressed.
- Catholics could not hold seats in the Irish Parliament (1692), hold public office, vote
(1727), or practice law. - Cases against Catholics were tried without juries, and bounties were given to informers against them.
12
Q
The Ascendancy (Ireland)
A
- Those that benefitted the most after 1691 were the protestant ascendancy (Protestant, Irish-born, English heritage)
- often extremely wealthy, although some rose from poverty
- They belonged to the Church of Ireland (an offshoot from the Church of England)
13
Q
Presbyterians
A
- Most of the Scottish settlers in Ireland were Presbyterians
- It was a protestant group that broke from the Church of England
- Faced discriminatory laws, similarly to the Catholics
14
Q
overview: main tensions between who? (ireland)
A
- between catholics and protestants
- between protestant ascendancy and the catholic/protestant poor
-Overall: divisions of FAITH and divisions of CLASS
15
Q
‘Parent’ impositions made on the ‘child’ of
Ireland
A
- 1699- The English Woollen Act- it became
illegal for the Irish to export woollen cloth
beyond the British Isles. - 1720- The Declaratory Act- the British
Parliament had the right to make laws for
Ireland ‘in all cases whatsoever’. The Irish
House of Lords no longer had the right to be a
final court of appeal. - 1722-1725- The British Government gave the
right to manufacture Irish halfpennies to an
English entrepreneur, William Wood.
16
Q
How did British control affect Ireland?
A
Ireland by 1730:
- 14% land owned by 75% population
- divisions between protestants and catholics
- Irish people seen as ‘second class’
17
Q
Changes of land use (Ireland)
A
- woods were cleared to make space for Cattle
- Potatoes brought over from America : became an Irish staple
18
Q
The Massacre of Glencoe (when, where, what, who, why?)
A
- 1692
- Scottish highlands
- 38 people of the McDonald clan were murdered by government troops. 40 more died of exposure after their homes burnt down. The soldiers had taken the hospitality of the McDonalds for 12 days (murder by trust)
- Who: the government troops were killed by Scottish soldiers (acting on behalf of William III) who had taken
the hospitality of the McDonald clan; a ‘murder by trust’ - why? : to make an example of one of the highland clans
19
Q
Why did people support William?
A
- he was protestant
- he was ruling with Mary who was a stuart
20
Q
Union of crowns
A
1603 : Scotland and England united when James became king James VI of scotland and James I of England.
21
Q
what caused the massacre of Glencoe?
A
- William announces that if clans that supported James pledged allegiance to him before Jan 1 1692, they would be pardoned
- The chief of Glencoe arrived in Fort William on Dec. 31 but was told he had to make another journey of 100km to Inveraray : This meant he took the oath a day late
- The King in London and his Edinburgh representatives wanted to make an example of a highlander clan
- Scottish soldiers acting on William’s behalf carried out the massacre
- William was forced to order an enquiry but nobody was charged
22
Q
Highland Scots
A
- native, Gaelic-speaking with their own culture
-looked down upon by lowlanders - mostly supported the Jacobites
- lived in clans
23
Q
Lowland Scots
A
- English speaking and English culture
- dominated Scottish parliament in Edinburgh
24
Q
Claim of Right
A
- 1689
- Scottish parliament backed William in this claim that blamed James for the ???
- it banned any Catholic from becoming King again
25
Battle of Killiekrankie
- Jacobites rose up in anger of the Claim of Right and fought government troops
- Jacobites won
- However: They lost their leader and 1/3 of their army
-
26
The Navigation act
- prevented Scottish ships being involved in trade to England and the colonies overseas
27
English policies that held the Scottish economy back ( x 3 )
- Navigation act
- EIC and RAC were granted a monopoly of trade with India and Africa. Scottish companies had no access to this trade.
- England's involvement in foreign wars often meant that trade with much of Europe was often cut off
28
The Darien Scheme idea
- 1695: William Paterson suggested the formation of a Scottish colony in Panama on a strip of land called the Isthmus of Darien.
- The idea was that this settlement could control trade between North and South America and between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
- in 1698 1200 people (inc. Paterson and his family) sailed and settled - which only lasted a year.
29
Darien Scheme investors/investments
- Scottish nobles invested almost 1/4 of Scotland's cash wealth and a wide range of ordinary Scots contributed
- English merchants and bankers also backed the scheme
30
Reasons for the failure of the Darien scheme
- poor preparation: inappropriate farming skills, lack of fresh water
- settlement in an area regarded as part of the Spanish empire (part of the reason for their failed negotiations with the local Tule people)
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