Impact of Empire - The Three Kingdoms Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
When did King Henry II of England invade Ireland?
A
In 1169.
2
Q
What was the area of Ireland controlled by English kings known as?
A
The Pale.
3
Q
How were Irish people living ‘beyond the Pale’ stereotyped?
A
As wild, uneducated, and savage.
4
Q
What religious change occurred in England in the mid-sixteenth century?
A
England became a Protestant country.
5
Q
What was encouraged by English monarchs in Ireland in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?
A
The settlement of Scottish and English Protestant settlers in Ireland.
6
Q
Who governed Ireland on behalf of the English monarch during the seventeenth century?
A
The Lord Deputy.
7
Q
What was the composition of the Irish parliament during the seventeenth century?
A
Protestant-dominated parliament with limited powers
8
Q
What event occurred in the 1640s involving Irish Catholics?
A
The Irish Catholic majority supported Charles I against the English parliament in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
9
Q
How did Oliver Cromwell respond to an Irish uprising against English rule?
A
He violently put it down and confiscated more land from Catholic landowners.
10
Q
Who did most Irish Catholics support in 1687?
A
King James II.
11
Q
What promise did King James II make regarding religious freedom?
A
He issued a Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience in 1687, granting religious freedom to all Christians including Catholics.
12
Q
Why were the Protestant settlements in Ireland called plantations?
A
Because people were ‘planted’ there to colonize it.
13
Q
What happened to vast areas of land during the Protestant settlements?
A
They were confiscated from Catholic owners and handed to Protestant settlers.
14
Q
Why were the plantations concentrated in the northern province of Ulster?
A
Because it had been the heart of rebellion against the English.
15
Q
How did one MP, Sir John Davies, describe the settlers and the native Irish?
A
He described the settlers as ‘good corn’ and the native Irish as ‘weeds’ to be removed.
16
Q
What was the intention behind the Protestant settlements in Ireland?
A
The intention was for the settlers loyal to the English Crown to control Ireland.
17
Q
What measures were taken to protect Protestants in the city of Derry?
A
The city was rebuilt with high walls, and Catholics were forced to live outside the walls in the Bogside.
18
Q
What did English policy create in Ireland?
A
It created a deep and dangerous religious and class divide that would last centuries and often erupt into war.
19
Q
Who pressed James to return to England and win back the three kingdoms by military force in 1688?
A
The French king, Louis XIV.
20
Q
Who did most Irish Catholics support in 1688?
A
Jacobites, supporters of James II.
21
Q
What did Tyrconnell, the lord deputy of Ireland, do in response to James’ situation?
A
He formed a Jacobite army.
22
Q
When did James II land in Ireland with French troops?
A
In March 1689.
23
Q
What did the parliament in Dublin, convened by James, do?
A
It passed a law giving confiscated land back to former Catholic owners and declared that the English parliament had no right to make laws governing Ireland.
24
Q
What wider European conflict was the battle against the Jacobites part of?
A
The War of the Grand Alliance, or the Nine Years’ War.
25
Why did William feel forced to face James in Ireland?
Although his priority was fighting France, William felt forced to face James in Ireland because of the wider European conflict.
26
What happened in the first half of 1689 in the war?
The Jacobites' army under Tyrconnell seized back land from Protestant plantation owners and besieged the city of Derry.
27
How did William's army respond to the siege of Derry?
William's ships broke the siege from the River Foyle and freed the Protestant inhabitants on 28 July.
28
What happened when some of William's army landed near Belfast?
They marched towards Dundalk and camped for the winter on wet ground, where disease struck and killed over 5,500 men.
29
What was the outcome of the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690?
Although there was no clear winner, James lost heart and left Ireland, leading to William entering Dublin in triumph.
30
What was the final decisive battle of the war?
The Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691.
31
What was the outcome of the Battle of Aughrim?
It was a clear victory for William, despite both sides suffering heavy casualties.
32
What term do Irish historians use to refer to the war of 1689-1691?
They refer to it as 'the shipwreck'.
33
What complex factors contributed to the conflict of 1689-1691?
The conflict was not simply between Catholics and Protestants; there were Protestants who supported the Jacobites and European Catholics fighting on William's side.
34
Why did some Irish people join the Jacobite cause?
Some saw it as a way to fight against English domination, despite not being great lovers of James II.
35
Who were the top commanders in the war of 1689-1691?
Four of the top commanders were foreigners, and the armies under Dutch and French command fought in significant battles like Aughrim.
36
What marked the end of the war of 1689-1691?
The Treaty of Limerick, signed on 3 October 1691.
37
What choices were given to Irishmen who had fought for James after the war?
They could join William's army, return home, or continue following James in the French army, which would mean leaving Ireland forever.
38
What was 'the flight of the Wild Geese'?
It refers to the departure of 14,000 soldiers to France who chose to continue following James.
39
Why did the king send the most committed fighters to France?
To remove the risk of the fighting continuing, as Catholic guerrilla fighters had inflicted real damage in Williamite areas.
40
What promise did Jacobite landowners receive regarding their land?
They were told they could keep their land if they swore allegiance to William and Mary.
41
How did William treat Catholic landowners despite the promises in the Treaty of Limerick?
Many Catholic landowners who did not swear allegiance quickly enough had their land taken away.
42
What consequences did Irish Catholics face after the war?
They lost their army, land, and political power, and were excluded from government for nearly 200 years.
43
How does historian R.F. Foster describe this period?
He calls it 'the last stand of Catholic Ireland' which ultimately failed.
44
How did Ireland's status change after the war?
It became quite clearly a British colony, with English attitudes toward the Irish reflecting this change.
45
How did R.F. Foster liken the impact of the Williamite war on Irish Catholics?
He likened it to a devastating earthquake.
46
What did the years immediately following the Williamite war bring for Irish Catholics?
They brought a series of harsh aftershocks.
47
What was the composition of the Irish parliament after the Williamite war?
It was entirely Protestant.
48
What were some consequences for Catholics in the aftermath of the Williamite war?
They lost land, religious freedoms, and political power.
49
What were the Penal Laws, and when were they in effect?
The Penal Laws were harsh measures imposed on Irish Catholics from 1691 to 1728.
50
How did the Catholic population in Ireland compare to the Protestant population?
Catholics formed three-quarters of the population of 4 million.
51
What was the impact of the arrival of Scottish families in Ireland between 1690 and 1715?
It led to Catholics owning only 14 percent of the land, despite forming the majority of the population.
52
When was the next time a Catholic was represented in parliament after this period?
There would be no Catholic in parliament until 1828.
53
Who held real power in Ireland during this 1691 to 1728?
Real power rested with the English based at Dublin Castle.
54
How were the officials at Dublin Castle appointed?
They were all appointed by the government in London and were accountable to it.
55
Who were the main winners in Ireland after 1691?
The wealthy Protestants, Ireland-born but of English origin, were the main winners.
56
What elite group emerged among the wealthy Protestants in Ireland?
An elite group known as the Protestant Ascendancy emerged.
57
What institutions and aspects of society did the Protestant Ascendancy centre around?
They centred around the Anglican Church, Dublin Castle, and English fashions.
58
How did the Protestant Ascendancy view themselves?
They saw themselves as the only true Irish 'nation', with a God-given right to rule, proven by the Williamite victories in battle.
59
What were some examples of individuals rising from poverty to prominence within the Protestant Ascendancy?
William Conolly, the son of a blacksmith in Donegal, became Speaker of the House of Commons in the Irish parliament.
60
What were the main divisions among Protestants in Ireland?
There were deep class divides, with the Ascendancy belonging to the Church of Ireland, while most Scottish settlers were Presbyterians.
61
How did the division of faith and the division of class contribute to tensions in Ireland?
There was tension between the division of faith (between Protestant and Catholic) and the division of class (between the Protestant Ascendancy and the Catholic and Protestant poor).
62
How did the Protestant Ascendancy view their relationship with England?
They saw it as one of 'sisters' or "brothers' - two parallel kingdoms.
63
What was the view of Ireland's relationship with England from London's perspective?
Ireland was seen as a colony, with England as the parent and Ireland as the child, existing to benefit England.
64
What event in 1699 impacted Irish exports?
The English Woollen Act made it illegal for the Irish to export woollen cloth beyond the British Isles.
65
What was the significance of the Declaratory Act of 1720?
It ruled that the British parliament had the right to make laws for Ireland 'in all cases whatsoever', diminishing the authority of the Irish House of Lords.
66
Who was given the right to manufacture Irish halfpennies against the will of Irish Protestants?
An English entrepreneur, William Wood, was given this right by the British government from 1722 to 1725.
67
How did both political parties in England view the Irish?
They saw all the Irish, both Catholic and Protestant, as a conquered people.
68
How did negative stereotypes against Catholics evolve?
The negative stereotypes used against Catholics were increasingly applied to the Irish population.
69
What changes occurred in the Irish countryside in the years following the war?
Woods were cleared to make way for cattle, and the potato became a staple crop.
70
Why was the potato well-suited to Irish conditions?
It was nutritious, easy to grow, and capable of producing large crops.
71
What was the impact of the potato becoming a staple diet in Ireland?
The healthier diet centered on the potato reduced mortality and increased fertility, with more children surviving infancy.
72
What was the state of manufacturing in Ireland during this time?
There was very little manufacturing, although there were improvements in linen cloth quality brought by Huguenot refugees in the 1690s.
73
How did the dependency on agriculture affect the population during times of crop failure?
Most people were entirely dependent on the food they could grow, so when crops failed, as they did dramatically in 1729, there was serious famine.
74
When did the Glencoe Massacre take place, and where?
The Glencoe Massacre took place in 1692, in a bitterly cold mountain valley in the Scottish Highlands.
75
Who were the victims of the Glencoe Massacre?
Thirty-eight women, men, and children belonging to the clan McDonald were murdered by government troops, with forty more dying of exposure after their homes were burned down.
76
Who were the perpetrators of the Glencoe Massacre, and what was the context?
Scottish soldiers, acting on behalf of King William, committed the massacre. It occurred in the context of deep divisions in Scotland.
77
What was the relationship between the soldiers and the McDonalds before the massacre?
The soldiers had spent ten days as guests of the McDonalds, enjoying their food and drink, before turning on them and killing them.
78
How did the Glencoe Massacre contribute to the divisions in Scotland?
The massacre exacerbated existing divisions and tensions within Scottish society.
79
Who were the Highlanders, and what characterized their way of life?
The Highlanders were a native Gaelic-speaking people with their own culture and traditions. They lived in family communities (clans) in the harsh conditions of the northern mountains.
80
What was the Highlander's perception of their own way of life?
They believed, with justification, that their way of life was under threat.
81
How did the Lowlanders view the Highlanders?
The Lowlanders, who dominated the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh, looked down on and feared the Highlanders.
82
What were some reasons why many Highlanders supported the Jacobites during William of Orange's ascension to the throne?
Reasons included belief in James as the rightful king of Scotland, hatred and fear of Lowlanders, mistrust of government policies, and resentment of the powerful Campbell clan.
83
What event occurred in 1689 involving the Scottish parliament and William?
The Scottish parliament backed William in a 'Claim of Right' that blamed James for the troubles and declared that no Catholic could ever be king again.
84
What battles occurred in 1689 involving the Jacobites and government troops?
Government troops fought the Jacobites at the Battle of Killiecrankie, which the Jacobites won. However, their rebellion collapsed at the Battle of Dunkeld one month later.
85
What actions did William take in response to the rebellion?
He organized a military occupation of the Highlands, centered on a new army base called Fort William, and announced a pardon for clans who had supported James if they swore allegiance to him before 1 January 1692.
86
What happened to the Macdonald Clan despite their chief's efforts to swear allegiance?
Despite their chief's efforts, the Macdonald Clan was massacred.
87
What legal term was used to describe the massacre under Scottish law?
Under Scottish law, the Massacre of Glencoe was termed 'murder by trust', as the killers had accepted their victims' hospitality before committing the crime.
88
What actions were taken by the Scottish Parliament and the London government in response to the massacre?
The Scottish parliament condemned the action, and the London government attempted to cover up who was responsible. An inquiry was ordered by William, but no one was ever punished.
89
What is the historical debate surrounding William's involvement in the massacre?
Historians disagree on whether William himself ordered the murders, and the extent of the involvement of the powerful Campbells is also debated, as the evidence is not conclusive.
90
What was the impact of the Glencoe Massacre on the Highlands?
The massacre created a climate of fear and anger, deepening the division between Highlanders and both the English and Scottish governments.
91
How did the Glencoe Massacre affect people's attachment to the Jacobite cause?
For many, it strengthened their attachment to the Jacobite cause, while also highlighting the readiness of the monarchy and its parliamentary backers to use ruthless means to assert control.
92
What characterized Scotland at the end of the seventeenth century?
Scotland was one of the most advanced centers of learning in Europe, with famous universities and high standards in science, medicine, and town planning, particularly in Edinburgh and Glasgow.
93
Despite its advancements in learning, what economic challenges did Scotland face?
Scotland faced economic ruin despite its advancements, as evidenced by the dire economic situation at the end of the seventeenth century.
94
What contributed to extreme poverty among many Scottish people?
Extreme poverty among many Scottish people was partly due to the unequal relationship with England.
95
How did Scotland's relationship with England contribute to its economic decline?
Scotland's ministers were appointed by the king of England, who neglected Scotland and involved it in foreign wars, leading to economic decline.
96
What were the consequences of the neglect and involvement in foreign wars for Scotland?
Scotland became increasingly poor, experiencing severe famines in the 1690s during which between one-fifth and one-third of the population died or emigrated.
97
How did English policies exacerbate inequalities in Scotland?
English policies such as the Navigation Act and granting monopolies to English companies limited Scottish trade opportunities and held the Scottish economy back.
98
Who was blamed for Scotland's economic problems?
William's government was widely blamed for Scotland's problems.
99
What was the Darien Scheme?
The Darien Scheme was a proposal to establish a Scottish colony in Central America, specifically on the Isthmus of Darien in Panama, to control trade between North and South America and between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
100
Who proposed the Darien Scheme, and when?
William Paterson, a highly respected banker, proposed the Darien Scheme in 1695.
101
What was the purpose of the proposed Scottish colony in Central America?
The colony was intended to control trade routes and facilitate commerce between different parts of the Americas.
102
How did the Scottish government and people react to the idea of the Darien Scheme?
The idea caught the imagination of the Scottish people, and the Scottish government helped set up the Bank of Scotland and created the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies to implement the scheme.
103
How much money was invested in the Darien Scheme, and by whom?
Scottish nobles invested £400,000, which was nearly a quarter of Scotland's cash wealth at the time, and a wide range of ordinary Scots contributed. Additionally, several English merchants and bankers also backed the scheme.
104
What were the main reasons for the failure of the Darien Scheme?
The Darien Scheme failed primarily due to the harsh conditions and challenges faced by the settlers, including disease, hostile indigenous tribes, and inadequate support from the Scottish government.
105
How did the first expedition of the Darien Scheme begin?
The first expedition, consisting of 1,200 people, including William Paterson and his family, sailed in 1698 and established a settlement of huts known as New Edinburgh and a defensive fort called St. Andrew.
106
How long did the settlement established by the first expedition last?
The settlement lasted only a year before it ultimately failed.
107
What were some of the challenges faced by the settlers of the Darien Scheme?
The settlers faced challenges such as disease, attacks from hostile indigenous tribes, and inadequate supplies and support from the Scottish government.
108
What impact did the failure of the Darien Scheme have on Scotland?
The failure of the Darien Scheme had a significant financial and political impact on Scotland, leading to a loss of wealth and prestige and contributing to the eventual decision to enter into the Act of Union with England in 1707.
109
What were some mistakes made by the settlers of the Darien Scheme?
The settlers made several mistakes, including poor supplies, inappropriate farming skills, a lack of fresh water, settling in an area claimed by the Spanish, and failed negotiations with the local Tule people.
110
How did poor supplies contribute to the failure of the Darien Scheme?
Poor supplies hindered the settlers' ability to establish a sustainable settlement and meet their basic needs, contributing to the scheme's failure.
111
Why were inappropriate farming skills a problem for the settlers?
Inappropriate farming skills made it difficult for the settlers to cultivate the land effectively and produce sufficient food, exacerbating their challenges.
112
How did the lack of fresh water affect the settlers?
The lack of fresh water made it challenging for the settlers to sustain themselves and their livestock, contributing to their hardships and the failure of the settlement.
113
How did the Spanish claim over the area impact the Darien Scheme?
The Spanish regarded the area as part of their empire, leading to tensions and conflicts with the settlers, ultimately undermining the success of the Darien Scheme.
114
What role did failed negotiations with the local Tule people play in the failure of the Darien Scheme?
Failed negotiations with the local Tule people hindered the settlers' ability to establish peaceful relations and obtain necessary resources, contributing to the failure of the scheme.
115
What were some of the harsh conditions faced by the settlers of the Darien Scheme?
The settlers faced hot, humid and swampy marshland, torrential rain, rapidly spreading diseases, malnutrition, and difficult terrain for transporting goods, including marshland, mountains, and thick rainforest.
116
How did the hot and humid conditions impact the settlers?
The hot and humid conditions made living and working in the area uncomfortable and challenging for the settlers, contributing to their hardships.
117
What role did swampy marshland play in the failure of the Darien Scheme?
Swampy marshland made it difficult for the settlers to establish stable living conditions and cultivate the land effectively, hindering the success of the scheme.
118
How did torrential rain affect the settlers?
Torrential rain added to the challenges faced by the settlers, causing flooding, erosion, and making transportation and construction more difficult.
119
How did disease impact the settlers of the Darien Scheme?
Disease spread rapidly among the settlers due to unsanitary conditions, lack of medical resources, and malnutrition, leading to high mortality rates and contributing to the failure of the scheme.
120
What difficulties did the difficult terrain pose for the settlers?
Difficult terrain, including marshland, mountains, and thick rainforest, made it challenging for the settlers to transport goods, navigate the landscape, and establish viable settlements, exacerbating their hardships and ultimately contributing to the failure of the scheme.
121
How did England contribute to the failure of the Darien Scheme?
England played a role in undermining the Darien Scheme through opposition from King William and the East India Company, as well as the withdrawal of support by English directors.
122
What was the role of the East India Company in undermining the Darien Scheme?
The East India Company, a powerful English trading company, opposed the Darien Scheme as it threatened its monopoly on trade with India and other parts of Asia.
123
How did the withdrawal of support by English directors impact the Darien Scheme?
The withdrawal of support by English directors deprived the Darien Scheme of crucial financial and logistical backing, making it even more difficult for the Scottish settlers to sustain their colony and ultimately contributing to its failure.
124
What factors contributed to the failure of the Darien Scheme regarding relations with indigenous people?
The indigenous people of Panama had little interest in forming alliances with the settlers as they saw no advantage and were wary of antagonizing the Spanish, whom they had been fighting for a century.
125
Why was King William against the Darien settlement?
King William opposed the Darien settlement because it interfered with his negotiations with the Spanish, leading him to block all English ships and colonies from trading with the settlers.
126
How did King William and the East India Company contribute to the failure of the Darien Scheme?
King William persuaded Dutch investors to withdraw their support and convinced English investors, who had provided about half of the funds, to pull out. The East India Company also saw the scheme as a threat to its profits and pressured English investors to withdraw their support.
127
What were the consequences of the settlers' attempts to rebuild the colony?
Despite attempts to rebuild the colony, including a second expedition, the settlers faced similar challenges and made the same mistakes as the first expedition. Additionally, there were internal divisions and personality clashes within the group, further complicating their efforts.
128
How did the Darien Scheme impact Scotland economically?
The Darien Scheme was a total disaster for Scotland, resulting in massive financial losses totaling over £20 million in today's money. Many of the losses were the life savings of individual people, plunging the country into an economic crisis.
129
Why did the Scottish parliament close itself down in the early 1700s?
The Scottish parliament closed itself down in the early 1700s due to widespread discontent among Scots towards England, fueled by various grievances including famine, war, the Glencoe Massacre, the failure of the Darien Scheme, and the defeat of the Jacobites.
130
What event marked the culmination of Scottish resentment towards England?
The hanging of Captain Thomas Green, an English sailor accused of piracy, along with two others, on Leith Sands in 1705, marked the culmination of Scottish resentment towards England and highlighted the unlikelihood of Scotland relinquishing its parliament to be ruled from London.
131
What was the significance of the 'riding' procession in the Scottish parliament?
The 'riding' procession, which occurred at the opening and closing of sessions of the Scottish parliament, symbolized the parliament's historical significance and its role in governing Scotland, dating back to the thirteenth century when Scotland was an independent kingdom.
132
How did the Union of Crowns in 1603 impact the Scottish parliament?
Despite the Union of Crowns in 1603, whereby James VI of Scotland became James I of England, the Edinburgh parliament retained considerable political and economic control over Scotland, maintaining its independence until the early 1700s.
133
What were the key laws passed in London and Edinburgh that pulled England and Scotland further apart in the early 18th century?
In London, the 1701 Act of Settlement established that the German Hanoverians would eventually succeed to the English throne. In Edinburgh, the Scottish parliament passed the Act of Security, asserting their right to independently decide their next monarch, and the Act Anent Peace and War, giving only the Scottish parliament the authority to declare war on an enemy nation.
134
How did the Scottish parliament respond to the Act of Settlement passed in London?
The Scottish parliament refused to agree to the Act of Settlement and passed the Act of Security to assert their right to determine their next monarch independently.
135
What was the purpose of the English Aliens Act of 1705?
The English Aliens Act of 1705 threatened to punish Scotland economically by banning exports to England and treating all Scots as aliens if the Scottish parliament did not accept the Hanoverian succession outlined in the Act of Settlement.
136
Why did English politicians push for full union with Scotland?
English politicians sought full union with Scotland to end the threat of war with Scotland and to mitigate the risk of a Jacobite, such as the 'Old Pretender,' taking the Scottish throne. Additionally, they aimed to strengthen military and security cooperation between the two nations, particularly in the face of potential French invasion threats.
137
Despite widespread opposition, why did the majority in the Scottish parliament ultimately support the union with England?
Despite mass protests and general opposition across Scotland, the majority in the Scottish parliament supported the union due to clever tactics employed by English politicians. They offered security concessions, greater trade freedom, debt relief from the Darien Scheme, and assurances that Scottish institutions such as the Church and legal system would remain unchanged.
138
What were some of the concessions offered by English politicians to persuade Scotland to agree to the union?
English politicians offered greater trade freedom, promised to write off the debt from the Darien Scheme, and assured that Scottish institutions such as the Church and legal system would not be changed.
139
How did English politicians persuade Scottish politicians to support the union?
Many Scottish politicians were bribed with large amounts of money and offered seats in the House of Lords. Additionally, English troops were moved northwards, creating the fear of an English invasion if Scotland did not agree to the union.
140
What were the legislative steps taken to formalize the union between Scotland and England?
On July 11, 1706, the English and Scottish parliaments agreed to the Treaty of Union. Later that year, the English parliament passed the Union with Scotland Act, and the following year, the Scottish parliament passed the Union with England Act. From May 1707, under the Act of Union, Scotland and England became one country, Great Britain, ruled by one monarch and one parliament in London, effectively ending the existence of the Scottish parliament.
141
What succession issues arose following the deaths of James VII and II, William III, and Queen Anne?
Following the deaths of James VII and II, William III, and Queen Anne, succession issues arose due to the lack of surviving children. Concerns arose that the throne might pass to a Catholic, prompting the English Parliament to pass the Act of Settlement in 1701, which designated Sophia, the Electress of Hanover, as the heir to the throne after Anne's death.
142
Who was designated as the heir to the English throne according to the Act of Settlement?
According to the Act of Settlement, Sophia, the Electress of Hanover, was designated as the heir to the English throne after the death of Queen Anne, bypassing over 50 Catholics with stronger claims to the throne.
143
What happened after Sophia died in 1714?
After Sophia died in 1714, her son George, who spoke only German, ascended to the throne of Great Britain as King George I. By this time, the Scottish parliament no longer existed.
144
Who was seen as the rightful monarch by the Jacobites following the Hanoverian succession?
Following the Hanoverian succession, James Edward Stuart, known as the Old Pretender and son of James II, was seen as the rightful monarch by the Jacobites. King Louis of France proclaimed him "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland," providing new hope for the Jacobite cause.
145
What prompted the Jacobite uprising in 1715?
The Jacobite uprising in 1715 was prompted by the ascension of King George I of Hanover to the throne without the consultation of the Scots, leading the Old Pretender, James Edward Stuart, to make a serious bid for power.
146
Who organized the Jacobite uprising in 1715, and what was its objective?
The Earl of Mar organized the Jacobite uprising in 1715 to put James Edward Stuart on the throne, promising the restoration of the Scottish parliament. The uprising aimed to challenge the legitimacy of George I and his rule.
147
How many troops were gathered by the Earl of Mar for the Jacobite uprising, and who supported him?
The Earl of Mar gathered 10,000 infantry and cavalry for the Jacobite uprising, supported by Highlanders as well as some Lowland lords. Additionally, there was an uprising in the northeast of England by people opposed to Hanoverian rule.
148
What was the outcome of the 1715 Jacobite uprising?
After an inconclusive battle at Sheriffmuir, the 1715 Jacobite uprising failed, leading James Edward Stuart and the Earl of Mar to flee in 1716. Despite initial support and significant troop numbers, the uprising did not achieve its objective of restoring James Edward to the throne.
149
How did the English government exert military control over Scotland after the 1715 uprising?
After the 1715 uprising, the English government assumed ultimate responsibility for law and order in Scotland. They established an occupying army in the Scottish Highlands, equipped with substantial resources gained from increased taxes.
150
What measures did the English government take to disarm the Highlanders after the 1715 uprising?
Following the 1715 uprising, the English government passed the 1716 Disarming Act, which made it illegal for Highlanders to carry weapons. This was part of their effort to suppress any further rebellion and maintain control over the region.
151
How did the English government ensure military presence in the north of Scotland after the 1715 uprising?
The English government maintained a standing army in the north of Scotland after the 1715 uprising. This military presence was intended to deter any potential uprisings and enforce government authority over the region.
152
What was General George Wade tasked with after 1725, and what was the purpose of his endeavor?
After 1725, General George Wade was tasked with building a network of military roads and bridges through the Scottish Highlands. These infrastructure projects aimed to enable government troops to move quickly in case of trouble, enhancing the government's ability to maintain control over the region.
153
How did the 1708 Cruiser and Convoy Act contribute to Scottish security?
The 1708 Cruiser and Convoy Act enabled the Royal Navy to protect Scotland from threats to British security, including Jacobites, French, and Spanish forces. This legislation aimed to safeguard Scotland and prevent potential invasions or rebellions.
154
How did the dissolution of the Scottish parliament create new career opportunities for Scottish politicians and wealthy individuals?
The dissolution of the Scottish parliament created new career opportunities for leading Scottish politicians and wealthy individuals. They could now compete for positions in the House of Lords and other key roles within the British political system, thereby advancing their political careers and influence.
155
What was the outcome of the competition for positions in the House of Lords and other key roles following the dissolution of the Scottish parliament?
Following the dissolution of the Scottish parliament, there was intense competition for positions in the House of Lords and other key roles within the British political system. This competition often led to ambitious individuals vying for influential positions and opportunities for political advancement.
156
How were several high-ranking Scots involved in cases of corruption and bribery within London politics and business?
Several high-ranking Scots were implicated in cases of corruption and bribery within London politics and business. This involvement reflected the challenges and complexities of navigating the political landscape following the dissolution of the Scottish parliament, where individuals sought to advance their interests through various means.
157
What was the impact of the absence of a Scottish parliament on the governance of Scotland, particularly for Highlanders?
The absence of a Scottish parliament made the government even more distant from the lives of ordinary Scottish people, especially Highlanders. Many Highlanders felt they were being ruled by a colonial power, exacerbating feelings of alienation and disenfranchisement within the region.
158
How did many Scottish individuals participate in the growth of the British Empire following the dissolution of the Scottish parliament?
Following the dissolution of the Scottish parliament, many Scottish people became involved at all levels in the growth of the British Empire. They served as administrators, soldiers, planters, and later even governors, contributing to the expansion and administration of British territories around the world.
159
How did individuals who had suffered losses in the Darien Scheme benefit economically following the dissolution of the Scottish parliament?
Individuals who had suffered losses in the Darien Scheme were compensated for their losses with added interest. Many of them reinvested their refunded money in a new bank, the Royal Bank of Scotland, contributing to the establishment of a financial institution that would play a significant role in Scotland's economic development.
160
How did immigrant Flemish and Irish weavers contribute to Scotland's economic growth?
Immigrant Flemish and Irish weavers played a vital role in the expansion of Scotland's linen industry. Their expertise and skills helped the industry to grow, particularly in regions like Glasgow, which emerged as a major international port. The influx of skilled workers boosted production and trade, especially in commodities like tobacco from North America.
161
What were the effects of freer trade on Scotland's agricultural sector?
Freer trade facilitated by the Union of 1707 resulted in significant growth in Scotland's agricultural sector. Between 1707 and 1722, exports of grain and oatmeal more than doubled. This increase in trade encouraged improvements in agricultural techniques, leading to greater productivity and profitability for farmers.
162
How did Scotland's economy benefit from its connection to the growing British Empire by the 1730s?
By the 1730s, Scotland's economy was experiencing a period of significant growth, largely due to its connection to the expanding British Empire. The exploitation of colonial resources and trade routes contributed to the boom, with Scottish merchant shipping benefiting immensely from the empire's growth and increased trade.
163
How did the establishment of profitable businesses in London contribute to Scotland's economic prosperity?
Many Scottish merchants set up profitable businesses in London, capitalizing on the opportunities presented by the economic hub of the British capital. These ventures not only brought wealth and success to individual entrepreneurs but also contributed to Scotland's overall economic prosperity by fostering trade and investment between the two regions.
164
What challenges did the paper industry face in Scotland following the Union of 1707?
Despite the hopes for economic growth, many industries in Scotland, including the paper industry, struggled to thrive. There was no sudden prosperity, and various sectors faced difficulties in adapting to changing economic conditions, hindering their development and growth.
165
How did increased taxes and customs duties impact the Scottish population after 1710?
After 1710, the Scottish population experienced significant hardship due to heavy increases in taxes and customs duties. These measures imposed financial burdens on individuals and businesses, contributing to widespread suffering and economic strain across various segments of society.
166
What was the consequence of high taxation in Scotland in terms of trade?
High taxation in Scotland led to widespread smuggling as individuals sought to evade the heavy duties imposed on imported goods. A customs investigation conducted in 1715-17 revealed that over 60 percent of tobacco had been smuggled into the country, highlighting the extent of illegal trade activities driven by excessive taxation.
167
How did the inability of Scottish industry to compete with English counterparts affect Scotland's economy?
Scottish industry struggled to compete with its English counterparts, leading to a significant outflow of capital wealth from Scotland to London. The economic disparity between Scotland and England resulted in the migration of capital resources, undermining Scotland's economic autonomy and contributing to its economic dependence on England.
168
What were some of the social consequences of the Union of 1707 in Scotland?
The Union of 1707 sparked regular protests across Scotland, reflecting widespread discontent among the population. Social unrest intensified due to policies such as the Malt Tax, leading to riots in various regions. Additionally, social movements like the Levellers emerged in response to the enclosures of land for sheep farming, exacerbating tensions between landlords and tenants.
169
Describe the impact of the Malt Tax on Scotland in 1725.
The imposition of the Malt Tax in 1725 triggered riots across Scotland, with particularly severe unrest in Glasgow where eight individuals lost their lives. The riots were indicative of the population's resistance to perceived unfair taxation policies, highlighting the social turmoil and discontent prevalent during this period.
170
What was the significance of the Levellers movement in Scotland in 1724?
The Levellers movement in 1724 arose in response to landlords' enclosures of land for sheep farming, which resulted in the displacement of poor tenants and their subsequent homelessness and unemployment. The movement symbolized the social upheaval caused by changes in land management practices, highlighting tensions between landlords and the disenfranchised.
171
How did the Union with Great Britain affect different regions of Scotland socially?
While the Union with Great Britain brought prosperity and a higher standard of living for many Lowlanders, it resulted in greater poverty and social upheaval for Highlanders. The disparity in socio-economic outcomes between the two regions contributed to the erosion of traditional Highland ways of life, exacerbating social tensions and inequalities within Scotland.
172
What was the fate of many Scottish rebels after the 1715 Jacobite uprising?
Following the 1715 Jacobite uprising, British authorities transported 1,259 Scottish rebels to London to stand trial. Many of these rebels chose transportation as an alternative to execution, leading to their banishment to the Americas as labourers.
173
Describe the process of transportation for Scottish rebels after the 1715 uprising.
After the 1715 Jacobite uprising, Scottish rebels who opted for transportation were shipped to the Americas to serve out their sentences as labourers. The first shipload carried 638 individuals, with over 450 destined for North America and approximately 170 for the Caribbean. Upon arrival, most were sold into servitude, with some even coerced into military service.
174
What historical precedent existed for the banishment of political enemies to the Americas?
The practice of banishing political enemies to the Americas had its roots in the actions of Oliver Cromwell during the 1640s and 1650s. Cromwell transported Irish and Scottish political prisoners as a means of punishment and political suppression, setting a precedent for the banishment of dissenters to the New World.
175
What was the purpose of the 1718 Transportation Act?
The 1718 Transportation Act aimed to alleviate prison overcrowding by permitting the shipment of convicted criminals across the Atlantic.
176
How long did the practice of convict transportation last, and how many individuals were transported?
Over the following 60 years (1718-1778), more than 50,000 men, women, and children were transported in convict ships from England, Scotland, and Ireland.
177
Who were some of the groups targeted for convict transportation?
Convict transportation was used to dispose of various groups deemed undesirable, including Roma Gypsies, vagrants, prostitutes, Scottish Highlanders, and political enemies.
178
What was the fate of those transported under the convict transportation system?
Upon arrival, individuals transported under the convict transportation system were typically sold and ended up working on tobacco plantations. After serving seven years, they were freed.
179
What were volunteer indentured servants, and what did their agreement entail?
Volunteer indentured servants were individuals who agreed to work unpaid as someone's property for seven or eight years, after which they would be freed. In essence, they were temporary slaves.
180
What was the fate of many volunteer indentured servants?
Many volunteer indentured servants faced harsh conditions, and about a quarter of them did not survive their period of indenture.
181
What factors contributed to the high death rate among volunteer indentured servants?
Poverty, lack of opportunity in their native countries, harvest failures, famine, land enclosures, climate, disease, and maltreatment all contributed to the high death rate among volunteer indentured servants.
182
What opportunities awaited those volunteer indentured servants who survived their period of indenture?
Some volunteer indentured servants found opportunities in militias, protecting settler communities, while others found advancement as planters or became politically active in places like Jamaica and St Kitts.
183
Where did the majority of Scots emigrate to during this period, and why?
The majority of Scots emigrated to Ireland during this period because of its better weather and soil for cultivation, as well as the easy journey from western Scotland.
184
What offers were given to Scottish Protestants by the English government after the Treaty of Limerick in 1691?
Scottish Protestants were given attractive offers by the English government to settle in Ulster on land that the Irish had been forced to leave.
185
What were some other reasons for Scottish emigration during this period?
Scottish merchant adventurers sought opportunities to trade in Asia and the Caribbean, while many Scots served as mercenary soldiers in European wars, especially in Russia and Scandinavia. Additionally, after the Act of Union, increasing numbers of Scots served as administrators for the East India Company.
186
Can you provide an example of a Scottish individual who achieved prominence in India?
John Drummond, a Scottish administrator, became a director of the East India Company. Additionally, between 1720 and 1757, all the principal medical officers in Madras were Scottish, and Scottish naval surgeon William Hamilton treated the emperor of India for a sexually transmitted disease in 1711, receiving lavish gifts in return.
187
What was the Union of Crowns?
The Union of Crowns occurred in 1603 when the king of Scotland ascended to the English and Irish thrones after the death of Queen Elizabeth I. This union meant that England, Scotland, and Ireland were ruled by the same monarch while retaining their individual parliaments.
188
How did the Union of Crowns impact the relationship between England and Scotland?
The Union of Crowns led to England and Scotland being ruled by the same monarch but maintaining separate parliaments. This arrangement influenced the political dynamics between the two nations and shaped their interactions during subsequent events, such as the conflict between the Williamites and Jacobites.
189
What were some reasons for Scots to support James during the conflict between the Williamites and Jacobites?
Some Scots supported James because he belonged to the Stuart dynasty, the ancient Scottish royal family, and was still considered legally king according to Scottish law. Additionally, they felt aggrieved that Scotland had not been consulted about William of Orange's ascension to the throne.
190
What were some reasons for Scots to support William during the conflict between the Williamites and Jacobites?
Many Scots supported William because he was Protestant, aligning with the religious beliefs of most Scots. Furthermore, William ruled jointly with his wife Mary, who was James's daughter and also a member of the Stuart family, which made his rule more acceptable to some Scots.
