Impact Of Long Term Conditions

Question 1

Definition of person centred care

Answer 1

Provision of care that places the patient at the center ensuring that the healthcare system is designed to meet the needs and preferences of patients as defined by patients themselves

Question 2

What is the IaPO and what does it mean/do?

Answer 2

International alliance of Patient’s Organisation (IaPO declaration on patient centered healthcare
Brings together the principles and values that define patient-centredness

Question 3

What’re the 5 principles in the declaration?

Answer 3

Respect
Choice and empowerment
Patient involvement in health policy 
Access and support
Information

Question 4

What’re the handicaps that a sufferer of a long term condition may face?

Answer 4

Physical
Social
Psychological well being

Question 5

What’re the constraints on life that someone with a long term condition may face?

Answer 5

Constraints on:
family life
Failure to re-establish the functional capacity to work
Unremitting physical discomfort (often chronic pain)

Question 6

In which 2 groups are long term conditions more prevalent and what’re the stats?

Answer 6

Older people (58% of the over 60s vs 14% under 40s)
More deprived areas (those in the poorest social class have a 60% higher prevalence than those in the richest social class and 30% more severity of disease)

Question 7

What’re the stats on long term conditions regarding GP appointments, outpatient appointments and impatient bed days?

Answer 7

50% of all GP appointment
64% of outpatient appointments
70% of inpatient bed days

Question 8

Name 3 degenerative chronic disorders

Answer 8

Parkinson’s
MS
Arthritis

Question 9

What are incidence and prevalence?

Answer 9

Incidence= no. Of new cases of a disease in the population in a specified period of time
-incidence tells us about trends in causation and aetiology of disease

Prevalence= the number of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or in defined period of time (existing cases)

• the amount of disease in a population
• less useful in studying the causes of diseases

Question 10

Between 1993 and 2001, in the UK, how many people described themselves as having a long term disease?

Answer 10

4 million

Question 11

What factors may play a role in long term conditions developing?

Answer 11

Genetic factors

Environmental factors

Question 12

What is deemed as an individual’s vulnerability?

Answer 12

Their capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore physiological homeostasis

Question 13

Name 4 burdens put on the patient and their caregivers

Answer 13

Changing behaviour or policing the behaviours of others to adhere to lifestyle mods
Monitoring and managing their symptoms at home
Complex treatment regimens and polypharmacy
Complex administrative symptoms, accessing and navigating, and coping with uncoordinated health and social care symptoms add to this

Question 14

What is biographical distribution?

Answer 14

A loss of confidence in social interaction or self identity

Question 15

What might biographical disruption involve?

Answer 15

Re-negotiating existing relationships at work and home
Can involve redefining ideas of what is good and bad, such that the positive aspects of their lives are emphasised, and the negative impact of the illness lessened

Question 16

What’re the the strategies of coping with stigmas?

Answer 16

Whether to disclose the condition and suffer further stigmas or to try and conceal the condition and pass for normal

Question 17

What’re the impacts of a long term conditions on the individual and family members?

Answer 17

Individual= can be positive or negative

Family=financial, emotional, physical, other family members may become ill as a result

Question 18

Dictionary definition of a disability

Answer 18

Lacking in one or more physical powers

Question 19

Legal definition of a disability

Answer 19

Disability discrimination act
Difficulty can be physical, mental or sensory
A disability that makes it difficult for them to carry out normal day to day activities, ongoing for more than 12 months

Question 20

What is the WHO definition of disability?

Answer 20

ICIDH (International classification of impairments, disability and handicap)

Abnormalities of structure, organ or system function (organ level)

Changed functional performance and activity by the individual

Participation restrictions
Disadvantage experienced by the individual as a result of impairments and disabilities (interaction at a social and environmental level)

Question 21

Medical model of disability

Answer 21

Underlying/personal cause eg accident while drunk
Underlying pathology eg morbid obesity
Individual level intervention eg health professionals advise individually
Individual change/ adjustment eg change in behaviour

Question 22

Social models of disability

Answer 22

Societal cause eg low wages
Conditions relating to housing
Social/political action needed eg facilitates for disabled
Societal attitude change eg use of correct language

Question 23

Where does the disability discrimination acts apply?

Answer 23

Northern Ireland

Question 24

Where does the equality act apply and when was it introduced?

Answer 24

England, Wales and Scotland

2010

Question 25

What does a personal reaction to disability rely on?

Answer 25

The nature of the disability
The information base of the individual ie education, intelligence and access to information
The personality of the individual
The role of loss/change of the individual
The mood and emotional reaction of the individual
The reaction of others around them
The support network of the individual
Time to adapt
Additional resources available to the individual

Question 26

What’s the epidemiology of disability

Answer 26

Different causes worldwide:
Congenital 
Injury 
Communicable disease
Non-communicable disease
Alcohol
Drugs-iatrogenic and/or illicit use 
Mental illness
Malnutrition 
Obesity

Question 27

What’s the criteria for disability screening?

Answer 27

Wilson and Jungner

Question 28

What should be known about the disease you’re screening for?

Answer 28

Must be a recognisable latent or early symptomatic stage
The natural course of the condition should be understood
-including development from latent to declared disease

Question 29

What should your knowledge of the sufficient screening test contain?

Answer 29

A suitable test
Test acceptable to population
Case finding should be continuous

Question 30

What should be available for the treatment of the disease?

Answer 30

Accepted treatment for patients with recognised disease
Facilities for diagnosis and treatment available
Agreed policy concerning who to treat as patients

Question 31

What’re the cost considerations for treating a disability?

Answer 31

Cost of case finding

-including diagnosis and treatment