Imperialism and technology Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Ming were part of the ________.
A
eastern land empires.
2
Q
The eastern land empires were huge, often _____ populations, with tributary systems and military power.
A
diverse
3
Q
Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Britian, and France were part of the _______.
A
western colonial and trade empire
4
Q
The Eastern powers were land based and controlled by ________.
A
military empire
5
Q
The Eastern powers were multi-_____, multi-______, and mulit-_____ empires.
A
multi-ethnic
multi-religious
multi-national
6
Q
The western empires were involved in ____ rather than gaining land and control of population
A
trade
7
Q
Why was there little to no colonization in interior Africa?
A
Disease was the primary reason
no ships
8
Q
______ talks about the changes and Europe breaking the disease barrier
A
Hedrick
9
Q
British scholars have explained expansion as two British colonies, the first one centered on ________starting to get globally involved
A
American colonies
10
Q
The British first empire, 1600-1783 focused on N. America, at the end of the ________.
A
American Revolution
11
Q
The first British empire was run by _______.
A
direct control imperialism
12
Q
The second British empire, 1783 - mid 20th century, focused heavily on ______.
A
India
13
Q
The British first empire was lost after the _______.
A
American revolution
14
Q
The Indian ruler _____ was a fundamentalist (muslim) who was involved in war and conflict. In the middle 1600s, India was taken over by him; last of the mighty Mughals. He was a brutal guy who was predominantly interested in Islam more than anything else. When an English pirate attacked ships from Mecca, he got brutal and closed all the East India Company bases. Soon the company asked for pardon and left to get back to their bases.
A
Aurangzeb
15
Q
As the Mughal power weakens, the _____ get powerful.
A
Marathas
16
Q
What were the goals of the East India Company?
A
“to establish such a Politie of civill and military power, and create and secure such a large Revenue as may be the foundation of a large, well-grounded, sure English Dominion in India for all time to come.”
17
Q
Who established the East India Company?
A
Queen Elizabeth
18
Q
The Mughal decline caused the ______ of India.
A
fragmentation
19
Q
The East India company started in ______.
A
1600
20
Q
The East India company says they will control ______, shifting.
A
India
21
Q
The “shifting” of India began in the ______ century.
A
18th
22
Q
Hedrick talks about _____ and ______. Had the ______ but not the ______.
A
Hedrick talks about Motives and Means. Had the motives but not the means. (British doesn’t have the means yet but will soon)
23
Q
What causes the British territorial acquisition in India in the 18th century?
A
- shift from the two empires
- Britain gets heavily involved in India
24
Q
There were _____emperors in the 10 years after Aurangzeb’s death - each betrayed by those closest to him. This made the empire fragile.
A
5
25
The French EIC was led by _____.
Francois Dupleix
26
There was _______ between the English EIC and French EIC.
competition
27
The French EIC under Joseph François Dupleix pursued an aggressive policy against both the Indians and the British until they ultimately were defeated by English EIC clerk _______.
Robert Clive
28
People who were nobody's in Brittian became _____ in India.
huge
29
The British messengers of that time completely blew this incident out of proportion in 1756 and rallied the British Crown's help for the company.
Black Hole of Calcutta
30
Who was the Nawab of Bengal?
Siraj-ud-duala
31
The young Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ad-daula, had taken _______from the East India Company with a huge army in June 1756, when the notorious ‘Black Hole’ episode occurred.
Calcutta
32
Clive decided that the best way to secure the Company’s interests in Bengal was to replace Siraj with a new and more pliant nawab. He found a candidate in a discontented elderly general named _______, who agrees to take over Siraj.
Mir Jafar.
33
Siraj knew or suspected there was a conspiracy against him, despite Clive’s earnest protestations to the contrary, and moved south to _____.
Plassey
34
During the battle of Plassey, what happened when it started to rain?
Clives me quickly covered their weapons but the other side didnt, making their weapons un-usable and they eventually ran away.. siraj on a fast camel.
35
It was claimed that following the fall of the fort, British soldiers and civilians were held overnight in conditions so cramped that many died from suffocation, heat exhaustion and crushing. He claimed that out of the 146 held, only _____ came out alive.
23
36
where troops of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, held British prisoners of war after the capture of the fort on 20 June 1756.
Black hole of calcutta
37
Was Siraj popular?
no, he was very unpopular. The Hindu leaders don't like him because they were taxed.
38
During the _______ Clive wins even though he is outnumbered.
battle of plassey
39
What did the Hindu leaders do to help Clive?
They paid off Siraj's soldiers so they wouldn't fight against Clive
40
How was High Imperialism different from the European colonial expansion of the early modern period?
- Scale, it was much much bigger, Britain controlled a lot of the world
- technology (steamships, quinine prophylaxis, breechloading rifle, telegraphy)
- they fight showing imperial dominence
41
High Imperialism period of late 19th century closely related to European _____.
power politics
42
What was the Empire's relationship to domestic European political tensions?
-they had concerns about politics at home
| -
43
Why did they have domestic political concerns?
For the first time, there was mass politics (all men had the right to vote). There was concern about how they were going to control all of the people, now that the masses were running the show.
44
What did Europe say to do about the domestic political tensions they had?
- remove the excess population (safety valve theory)
| - get rid of people we don't want and send them to Australia
45
Who did the threefold alliance for the Battle of Plassey consist of?
Clive, Hindu bankers of Calcutta, Mir Jafar
46
1880 to 1914 was the time of Europe's ________ over the world.
High Imperialism
47
Why was there an extension of direct political control of the developed world over the less developed world?
They didn't want to spend all of their resources to get more land
48
Up until about 1870, ____ of the land and _____% of the population was controlled by Europe. 90% was politically influenced by Europe.
2/3, 60%
49
In Asia, only 2 smaller states had independence from Europe. They were ____ and _______.
Sian and Afghanistan
50
In Africa, only 2 states had independence from Europe. They were _____ and ______.
Abyssinia, Liberia
51
what was the difference between high imperialism and the previous informal empire?
the previous informal empire was informal - they were not controlled by Britain, but they still did what the Brits wanted them to.
52
1914 was the end of _____. Iberia and Abyssinia were still independent.
high imperialism
53
What were the 3 reasons for High Imperialism?
- Lack of major wars between European Great Powers (more resources to put towards other things)
- Industry and technology (more industrialized than other countries)
- cooperation of native elites (The Indians actually help them take over India)
54
How do the Indians help the British take over India? (conquest phase, administration, military)
Indiginous elites are trying to bring down other indigenous elites. This gives the Europeans a foothold on their land. People who are high class in india, will often be the same in Britain. Europeans will hold the highest ranks, however. The vast majority of the army is Indians. They pull soldiers from the land they take, recruit and train them with their techniques. This does cause a mutiny in one case, but it mostly works in their favor.
55
Newly created _____ and ______ became a political rival to Britian because they were out to prove themselves.
Italy and Germany
56
Germany proves itself by taking over a lot of _____
Africa
57
In 1890, new German leader _________, who is interested in a strong German Navy, causes high tensions between Germany and Britain.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Germans build navy = tensions rise
58
What is the significance of the Belgians in the Congo during the 1880s?
like many other countries, they didn't want Europe to take over all of Africa and the world, so they decided to try and get in on the land grab and take some for themselves.
59
Why do the European states go crazy about Belgium's control of central Africa?
they are mad because Belgium is very small
60
What was the "scramble for Africa"
The rush by European powers to take all unclaimed territory in Africa
61
What was the significance of the Berlin Conference of 1884?
stated the rules for taking colonies in Africa
62
What was the role of "men on the spot" like Cecil Rhodes?
- a colonial official in charge of an area (such as a country in Africa) -- -writes embellished reports back to the country to boost his importance in the region.
- would often exaggerate in correspondences back home in order to increase their importance
63
widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857–58.
Indian Mutiny of 1857
64
What were the causes of the Indian Mutany of 1857?
- political
- economic
- religious
65
Why were the Indians upset about politics?
Mostly is was due to the doctorine of the laps- which said that if an indian prince died without an heir, then that princely territory would automatically become part of British empire. Before this, they could adopt. This was Britain's way to take over the rest of the continent
66
Why were the Indians upset about the economic situation?
Britian was exploiting india. Railroads were being built. Stock could only be traded in England.
67
Most importantly, why were the Indians upset about religion?
soldiers who mutinied believed that the white officers were trying to destroy their religious heritage
68
What was the rumor that caused the Indians to believe that the white officers were trying to destroy their religious heritage?
Enfield rifles with greased cartridges were issued to the British army. Rumor went around that they were greased with the fat of cows or pigs (which was completely again religions muslim and hindu). This caused the mutany, bc they didn’t want to mess with the gun. They threatened them to send them to the brig, but they turned on them.
69
Mughal Emperor ______ was set up as ruler of independent India
Bahadur Shah
70
What were some atrocities commited by the Indians and by the Brits to each other?
The british would tie Indians to cannons and then fire them off, the Indians would kill European priests, women, children indiscriminately.
71
The main reason they were able to stop the Mutiny of 1857?
the telegraph
72
What was the aftermath of the Mutiny of 1857?
- It was a sign that by the mid 1900's people were starting to want to throw off Brit rule.
- It changed the Brit views on imperialism
73
What were some motives/causes of high imperialism?
- empire could be a market for domestic overproduction
| - military and strategic reasons
74
Why did the theory behind the reason for high imperialism - that the empire could be a market for domestic overproduction- turn out to be false?
because most colonies weren’t good markets (and even lost money). They Did not make a lot of money even though most colonies did work as markets, where they could sell good, ect.
75
What is the arms race mentality?
if we don't take it, someone else will
76
What was the justifications for the empires?
- shift away from uplift or trusteeship idea of 19th century
- High Imperial view
77
What was the Brit idea of trusteeship?
the brits are here in india to bring greater civilization and economy, global trade, and education to ppl who don’t know anything. Once they lifted them up to their level, they would give them back to rule themselves.
78
What is the high imperial view?
colonies will always be dependent on us: Shifts from trusteeship to language of obligation. Europeans are Christian and more advanced, so it is their duty to take care of the ppl who cant take care of themselves. Don’t think they will ever b able to rule themselves. (Extremely racist and insensitive.)
79
Kipling's ____________ is a classic example of high imperial view
"white mans burden"
80
How did the public become aware of the Empire?
Newspapers, novels, advertisements all take up subject of empire – ppl loved to read this stuff. Ppl would literally be brought back and put in cages for ppl to look at them.
81
What was 'Boys’ Own Paper'?
Paper for British children, full of tales of imperial adventure
82
_______ is an example of a person who made his name through the Empire. He was captured and escaped, and wrote a book about it which made him famous and got him elected.
Winston Churchill
83
What was the Boer war? 1895-1902
The main settlers in s. Africa are dutch. They call themselves boers. There are some brit settlers, but are outnumbered. Not a big deal until diamonds are discovered. So now brits want to control the area. They request the boers join a federation with them. They would become 1 federated colony, controlled jointly. Dutch has the advantage, so they refuse, and the brits go to war with them.
84
What do the Brits do to the women and children of the dutch settlers?
put them in concentration camps
85
British provoke Boer war because Boers resist ______ with British South Africa
Federation
86
The __________ was fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. Japan is industrialized but russia is not.
Russo-Japanese War
87
Russia loosed the war which leads to the first of 3 _______.
Russian revolutions
88
High imperialism adds political ______ and is very unstable.
tension
89
High imperialism caused mutliple reasons for ______.
conflict
90
Precisely the thing that made them powerful, will lead to their ____.
demise
91
What was the role the great war (wwI) had on high imperialism?
drained power and money, prestige in colonies.
92
The ending of the empire saw no more collusion of native elites. They became increasingly educated, and learned about laws, which creates the people who use the british ideas______.
against them
93
Would empire have lasted without European rivalries?
σ The rivalries are what pushed Europe in the world. Without that there would be no rivalries.
