Imperialism To Russian Revolution Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Motives for imperialism
A
- Economic causes: countries need for raw resources and natural materials, a result of industrial revolution. Wanted control for investment and so the country being controlled buys the products, also for getting access to goods you don’t have.
- Political causes: Imperialism fosters rivalry between countries, countries want to build up their military to combat other countries and gain advantage over competition, and to defend themselves if country gets involved in politics
- Cultural causes: To spread western cultures to countries that were “backwards”. Idea that Europeans were a stronger race, and other races were supposed to be destroyed to help humans, social darwinism.
- Religious causes: People thought Christianity was the best religion, and it was meant to be spread, Countries tried to take over land to convert people.
2
Q
Types of Imperial Control
A
Colony - complete control
Protectorate - has own government but under the control of an outside power (indirect and less expensive)
Sphere of Influence - outside power claims exclusive trading/investment privileges (economic and indirect control)
Economic imperialism - private business interests control a less developed country
3
Q
British Empire 1850
A
In 1850, the British Empire was a vast and powerful global entity, spanning territories in North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. The empire played a pivotal role in the world economy, benefiting from the Industrial Revolution’s economic advancements in Britain. Colonial administration varied across regions, with the empire expanding its influence in Africa and Asia through colonization. India was a crucial part of the empire, and the Royal Navy ensured naval dominance, safeguarding trade routes and colonies. Despite its strength, the empire faced challenges, including resistance from colonized peoples and shifting global power dynamics.
4
Q
Cecil John Rhodes
A
European colonialist part of who tried to make the Cape to Cairo plan. The plan aimed to create a continuous British-controlled railway and telegraph line running from Cape Town in the south to Cairo in the north of Africa. Rhodes envisioned a British empire that spanned the entire length of the continent, promoting British economic and strategic interests.
5
Q
Suez Canal
A
- Man-made water canal
- connecting mediterranean sea to Indian ocean via red sea
- Enables a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia
- Effectively allowing for passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to circumnavigate the African continent
5
Q
A
6
Q
Panama Canal
A
- Serves as a maritime shortcut that saves time and costs in transporting all kinds of goods
- Built to dramatically decrease the travel time for ships between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea
7
Q
East India Company
A
- British joint-stock trading company established for trade with East Asia formed in 1600
- Gained control in India through diplomacy and military conquests
- Dissolved after Sepoy Mutiny (both Indian and Muslim soldiers rebelled against the British officers after being forced to use animal grease (complete lack of respect to the respective religions))
- British kept control over India with British Rah but not much changed
8
Q
“Great Game”
A
- Throughout most of the 19th century, the British and Russian Empires engaged in a political and diplomatic rivalry over Afghanistan and nearby regions in Central and South Asia.
- Involved military officers and adventurers seeking influence and intelligence. Russian and British explorers explored uncharted parts of Central Asia, mapping terrain and forming alliances in preparation for a potential war for India.
- However, due to the global conflict in 1914 and the collapse of the Russian state in 1917, the anticipated war for India never occurred. Nevertheless, imperial expansion brought much of Central Asia under Russian control, establishing Russian dominance that lasted until the Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991.
- Competition among European powers in 1991 also resulted in further imperialism in South Asia.
9
Q
Monroe doctrine
A
- In 1823, the Revolution in Haiti ( part of the Napoleonic wars ) inspired other Latin American countries to revolt for their freedom. At this point, after the War of 1812, we had already established ourselves as a strong entity. Spain was colonizing the majority of countries in Latin America and therefore put their rich resources under a mercantilist policy.
- The Spanish were also oppressive. Since our borders were near the borders of Cuba and the rest of South America, we were open to colonization by Spain. So, President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, which protected the Western Hemisphere ( including Latin America ) from colonization.
- This doctrine also said that any violent action would be returned with reciprocal aggression. European countries compiled because America’s reputation was not seen as fledgling anymore.
10
Q
Queen Liliuokalani
A
- Last monarch of Hawai’i
- Overthrown from throne
she opposed annexation to the United States and insisted that native Hawaiians should continue to control Hawaii - Insurrection in her name by loyalist Robert Wilcox failed under suppression by Dole’s group and led to her house arrest and eventual agreement to give up Hawaii to the US.
11
Q
Spanish Cuban American war
A
Causes of the Spanish-American War:
1. Spain violated the Monroe Doctrine in 1898.
2. Spain established reconcentration camps in Cuba.
3. U.S. had significant economic interests in Cuba with many businesses and trading.
4. Potential establishment of military bases in Cuba.
5. Yellow Journalism exaggerated truths to provoke outrage, particularly about Cuban concentration camps.
6. The U.S.S. Maine explosion led Congress to declare war against Spain.
Results of the Spanish-American War:
1. Annexation of Hawaii due to economic riches and strategic military potential.
2. Cuba became a U.S. protectorate, leading to dissatisfaction in Cuba.
3. The U.S. gained ex-Spanish colonies, including Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
4. The Philippines engaged in guerrilla warfare after feeling betrayed after the Philippines helped the United States defeat Spanish colonial forces, the Treaty of Paris was signed in December 1898, ceding the Philippines from Spanish rule to the United States in exchange for $20 million, causing division in the U.S. over annexation.
5. The United States emerged as a recognized world power.
12
Q
Boers migration to Africa
A
In the past, people from Europe, called Boers, moved to the southern part of Africa in the 1600s. They were Dutch settlers looking for better opportunities and freedom from Dutch Colonial rule. They formed farming communities known as Boer Republics. As time passed, conflicts arose, especially with the British, leading to events like the Boer Wars. Other Europeans also came to Africa for trade and resources, impacting the lives of the local people and shaping the region’s history. The Dutch set up a trading post called the Cape Colony in Southern Africa, where they engaged in trade. They sold and enslaved indigenous South Africans during this time. Other Europeans, including Germans and French, later joined the Dutch in the region. The Dutch settlers developed their own language called Afrikaans as they continued to shape the cultural landscape of Southern Africa.
13
Q
Indentured labor
A
Form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain timeframe.
14
Q
“Survival of the fittest”
A
Social Darwinism is a concept that applies Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human societies. It suggests that societal progress comes through competition, with the strongest and most capable individuals or groups succeeding. “Survival of the fittest” is a phrase associated with this idea, linked to the idea that individuals or groups with traits, skills, or resources that are advantageous in a given economic system will thrive.
15
Q
China (preface)
A
- British want chinese goods (silk, porcelain, tea in exchange for textiles)
- EIC wanted chinese tea, but CN wasn’t interested - only wanted silver
- Successfully traded with Westerners but only in two ports (Guongzhou/Canton)
- British reserve of silver drained
16
Q
Opium war
A
First Opium War (1839-1842):
The First Opium War was between China and Britain. Britain wanted to trade opium in China, which led to addiction and social issues. China tried to stop the opium trade, leading to conflicts between Chinese officials and British traders. The conflict escalated, and Britain’s superior naval power forced China to sign the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. The treaty opened five Chinese ports to British trade, ceded Hong Kong to Britain, and established unfair trade terms.
Second Opium War (1856-1860):
The Second Opium War involved Britain and France against China. It arose from conflicts over trade and foreign influence, as Western powers sought to expand their influence and access to Chinese markets. The war began with the Arrow Incident in 1856, where a Chinese-owned ship flying a British flag was seized by Chinese authorities. This event triggered hostilities between Britain and China. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Tientsin, which expanded foreign access to Chinese trade, legalized opium, and imposed indemnities on China.
17
Q
Lin Zexu
A
Lin Zexu was a Chinese official during the Opium Wars. He played a crucial role in trying to stop the opium trade that caused conflicts between China and Western powers. Lin Zexu attempted to halt the spread of opium in China in the 19th century by confiscating and destroying opium, taking legal actions against those involved, imposing trade restrictions on foreigners, and writing letters to Queen Victoria urging an end to the opium trade. This led to tensions with British traders who resisted Chinese efforts to control the opium trade. Lin Zexu’s actions contributed to the outbreak of the First Opium War.
18
Q
Spheres of influence
A
- The Self Strengthening Movement failed to prevent continuing foreign intrusion into Chinese affairs. Foreign powers began to dismantle the Chinese system of tributary states during the latter part of the 19th century. By 1898, foreign powers had carved China into spheres of economic influence.
- This term refers to specific regions where these powers enjoyed exclusive economic and political privileges without direct political control.
- Only distrust among the foreign powers prevented the total dismemberment of the Middle Kingdom.
19
Q
Spheres of Influence different countries had
A
- British Sphere of Influence:
Hong Kong and areas along the Yangtze River. - French Sphere of Influence:
Guangzhouwan and areas in southern China. - German Sphere of Influence:
Shandong Peninsula and the Jiaozhou Bay. - Russian Sphere of Influence:
Northeastern China, particularly around Port Arthur and the Liaodong Peninsula. - Japanese Sphere of Influence:
Parts of Manchuria, especially after the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). - United States Sphere of Influence:
Open Door Policy aimed at ensuring equal economic access to China for all nations.
20
Q
Treaty of Nanjing
A
- Unequal treaty where Britain had the upper hand. This treaty is an agreement of peace between the warring nations of Great Britain and China officially ending the Opium Wars. Some contentions of the treaty were:
- British citizens in specified Chinese cities (Canton, Amoy, Foochow-fu, Ningpo, and Shanghai) are exempt from Chinese law, governed by British laws.
- Cession of Hong Kong to the Queen of Great Britain, her heirs, and successors, to be possessed forever and governed by British laws.
- The Chinese Emperor agrees to pay twelve million pounds to compensate for expenses incurred by the British government due to a British expedition.
21
Q
Taiping rebellion
A
- Civil war AFTER the treaty of Nanjing
- A group known as the Taipings attempted to take over the Chinese govt (Qing govt) and drastically reform their society, with a goal to establish a utopian, Christian-inspired society
- Led by Hong Xiuquan (a teacher who claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ) who believed that the govt was corrupt - saw millions of chinese become opium addicts after the treaty of Nanjing and said that the govt did little to prevent the spread of opium and was unable to adapt to the new angers of Western imperialism
- Preached an early form of communism (stressed shared property and mixed with the 10 commandments - Hong was a Christian and hoped that all Chinese would convert)
(beginning in 1850) Taiping army (at its height) had 1-3 million soldiers controlling over 30 million people - The Taiping army was made up of many diff armies led by diff leaders -> internal feuds
- British and French armies aided the Qing govt in fighting the Taipings (for business/economic interests) -> successfully stopped in 1864
- Over 20-30 million Chinese killed - bloodiest civil war in human history, although the rebellion was suppressed by the Qing Dynasty.
22
Q
Self-strengthening movement
A
- Series of reform programs initiated by Qing Dynasty rulers to empower China amidst internal rebellions. Local leaders, granted authority by the imperial government, promoted military and economic reforms, adopting the slogan “Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use.”
- Seeking to blend Chinese traditions with European technology, leaders of the movement built modern shipyards, railways, weapons industries, and academies for scientific expertise while holding onto Confucian values.
- Despite laying the foundation for industrialization, the movement brought only superficial changes to the Chinese economy and society. Hindered by a contradiction between industrialization and Confucian values, the movement faced obstacles from the imperial government, with funds diverted by Empress Dowager Cixi for non-essential projects.
- The movement ultimately failed to introduce enough industry for substantial military and economic strength in China.
23
Q
Hundred Days reforms
A
- Creation of spheres of influence prompted the Hundred Days’ Reforms in 1898.
- Scholars Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao led the reform movement.
- They reinterpreted Confucian thought to justify radical changes in the imperial system.
- Goal was to transform China into a modern industrial society.
- Emperor Guangxu launched sweeping reforms, including constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, anti-corruption measures, education overhaul, foreign influence, military modernization, and economic development.
- Conservative opposition, including Empress Dowager Cixi, led to the nullification of reforms after 103 days.
- Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned, and six leading reformers executed.
Kang and Liang escaped to Japan.
24
Boxer rebellion (1899 - 1901)
* Believing that foreign powers were pushing for her retirement, Cixi threw her support behind an antiforeign uprising (Boxer rebellion
* Secret society known as the Boxers (Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists) led the rebellion.
* Motivated by anti-foreign and anti-Christian sentiments in China.
Boxers attacked foreigners, Christians, and Chinese Christians.
Siege of foreign legations in Beijing during the rebellion.
* International response with the Eight-Nation Alliance, including forces from the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary.
* The Treaty of Portsmouth in 1901 ended the rebellion.
* The Boxer Protocol imposed heavy indemnities on China, allowing foreign military occupation of certain areas.
* Contributed to the weakening of the Qing Dynasty and internal political unrest.
25
Commodore Matthew Perry
Sent by Pres. Millard C. Fillmore to Japan with a squadron of American warships to get JPN to agree to trade and allowing American ships and crew to rest and refuel mid-journey.
26
Meiji Restoration
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 marked a pivotal moment in Japanese history when a group of young samurai replaced the Tokugawa shogunate with a government influenced by Western political ideas, establishing the 15-year-old Emperor Meiji as its symbolic head. This overthrow ended 250 years of Tokugawa rule and initiated the Meiji period, characterized by extensive changes in Japanese society, including government, international relations, economy, social structure, and culture. The Meiji government selectively adopted Western industrial, economic, and political systems to strengthen Japan's international position, drafting a constitution in 1889 based on the German (Prussian) model. The constitution was presented as a gift by the emperor without requiring ratification by the people, emphasizing a government led by a monarch rather than a representative or democratic system. The samurai leaders behind the restoration became the oligarchs of the new Japanese government, shaping a modern nation where citizens owed loyalty to the emperor.
27
Tokugawa rule
Tokugawa rule refers to a period in Japanese history when the Tokugawa family held power, specifically during the Edo period from 1603 to 1868. The Tokugawa shoguns established a centralized government in Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and implemented policies to bring stability to Japan. They enforced a strict social hierarchy, limiting the power of the samurai and promoting economic growth. However, this era was marked by isolationist policies, restricting foreign influences and trade. The Tokugawa rule ended with the Meiji Restoration in 1868, leading to significant social and political transformations in Japan.
28
Sino-Japanese War
* Korea was a longstanding tributary state of China, but as Japan modernized in the late 19th century, both nations sought influence in the Korean Peninsula.
* The Li-Itō Convention in 1885 prevented war by withdrawing troops from Korea. In 1894, Kim Ok-kyun, leader of the previous coup, was lured to Shanghai and killed, outraging Japan.
* China sent troops to Korea at the Korean king's request, seen as violating the Convention. Japan sent troops too, and when China reinforced its forces, Japan sank a British warship with Chinese reinforcements.
* War broke out on August 1, 1894, and Japan easily defeated China. Weakened by foreign occupation, China signed unequal treaties, including the Treaty of Shimonoseki, where China ceded Taiwan and Penghu Islands, paid a large indemnity, allowed Japan into treaty ports, and recognized Japanese dominance in Korea.
* This marked the end of Korean tribute to China and brought Korean "independence," with an indemnity paid to Korea from China.
29
Russo-Japanese War
* In the late 1800s, Russia established a naval base at Port Arthur, to secure a terminus for the Trans-Asiatic railway. Japan, concerned about Russian dominance in Korea, saw this as a threat to its own influence.
* In 1896, the Korean king sought aid from Russia under Japanese pressure, sparking negotiations between Russia and Japan over their activities in Korea.
* Tensions escalated, leading to Japan attacking Russian troops at Port Arthur in 1904, destroying much of the fleet. Japan formally declared war on Russia two days later. Despite Russia being a world power and Japan considered second-rate, Japan won the Russo-Japanese War.
* The treaty of Portsmouth resulted in Japan gaining control of the Liaodong Peninsula, Port Arthur, the South Manchurian Railway, and half of Sakhalin Island. Within two months of signing the treaty, a revolution occurred in Russia.
30
"Scramble for Africa"
Colonization, division, and invasion of 90% of the African continent and gaining most of their resources by seven Western European powers.
31
Leopold II
* Belgium’s ruler when it recently became an independent kingdom.
* Contracted Henry Morton Stanley in 1879 to explore the Congo basin, who gave deceitful treaties in 1885 to the people there which allowed Leopold to declare the Congo his private colony.
* persuaded global powers to grant him ownership, promising to protect free trade.
Leopold exploited the Congo's resources, imposing unpaid labor and harsh rubber quotas, leading to widespread suffering. Accusations by George Washington Williams in 1890 and Roger Casement's 1903 report corroborated atrocities.
* Under international pressure, Leopold relinquished control in 1908, receiving 50 million francs from Belgium, before dying shortly after
32
Khoikhoi and Xhosa
* The Khoikhoi, also known as the Khoi, are traditionally pastoralists and hunter-gatherers. Historically, they lived in the southwestern parts of Africa, including present-day Namibia and South Africa.
* The Xhosa people are a Bantu ethnic group in Southern Africa, primarily residing in the Eastern Cape region of South Africa.
* Often came into contact with Europeans (resulting in violent conflict) and local population dropped when introduced to smallpox by dutch
* the Dutch East India Company enclosed traditional grazing land for farms - over the next century the Khoihkoi would be driven off of their land
Their culture became torn apart by colonialism - the men would work as bondsmen or farmworkers, and many women were taken to Europe to be displayed.
33
Berlin Conference
he Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 divided Africa among European powers to regulate the colonization and trade in Africa. It also helped to prevent conflicts between countries and establish guidelines for claiming territories in Africa. This led to the division of African territories without considering existing cultural boundaries. The decisions made had lasting negative effects on the continent and changed the colonial map, as African leaders were not involved or consulted.
34
Direct rule
* a system of government in which a province is controlled by a central government.
* Assimilation, no self rule
* e.g. colonies
35
Indirect rule
* a system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers.
* limited self rule but used local govt officials to help rule.
36
Indian National Congress
* Political party made up of Hindus
Wanted to self govern the country, advocating for nationalism and Indian independence from britain
* Upset that Britain had segregated Bengal (segregated Muslim + Hindu people and took away their control) in 1905
* 1911-1912 British segregate by language instead (Hindus happy with it)
37
Sepoy Mutiny
* Sepoys were Indian and Muslim soldiers hired by the EIC (East India Company)
* Mutiny after they had to use a mix of beef and pork grease for the ammunition.
* Killed hundreds of officers, women, and children via shooting, burning, and dismemberment.
* Led to the dissolvement of EIC
38
MAINIA causes
MAINIA (Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, industrializaton, assasanation)
39
Militarism
countries wanted to keep large armies and romanticize war, while instilling the fear of war into people. People need a strong army to protect Homeland and colonies to fight against economic and competition. Ties with nationalism because people who like that country more want to join the military.
40
Alliances
European power science, secret alliance with each other. Prior to World War I, there were two major alliances, triple Entente and triple alliance. These alliances allowed for a lot more protection and defense for these countries.
41
Imperialism
Rising imperialism, direct by product of rising industrialization.
42
Nationalism
nations that felt threatened by major powers saw an increase in nationalism because they wanted to maintain sovereignty.
43
Industrialization
Manufacturing and industry on a large scale. All aspects of life modernized. Only big modernized countries go to war and be successful, causing big nations to want more markets and resources.
44
Assasantaion
Franz Ferdinand (heir to Austro-Hungarian Throne) and his wife were killed by Serbian nationalists. The Austria Hungarian government then presented Serbia with 10 demands two weeks after his murder. Austrian-Hungary rejects Serbia’s response to the demands, causing them to declare war on Serbia. which in turn triggered a series of events that eventually led – four weeks after his death – to Austria-Hungary's allies and Serbia's allies declaring war on each other, starting World War I.
45
Franz Ferdinand
* Archduke of Austro-Hungarian empire
* Austrian annexation of Bosnia made him unpopular with the Bosnian people
* He also proposed to replace Austro-Hungarian dualism with trialism, a triple monarchy in which the empire’s Slavic peoples would have an equal voice in govt but undermine any hope for independence by Austria-Hungarian minorities
* Visited capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina on the holiday of the Battle of Kosovo (serbian warriors defeated by turks and lost independence for 500 years)
* The Black Hand (terrorist group wanted Serbian independence, but trialism would eliminate and hope for that (history of trying to attack Austrian officials in Bosnia)
* A failed attempt on Ferdinand’s life made by the Black Hand, then miscommunication caused his fatal assassination.
46
Self-determination
sovereignty
country governs themselves
independence
47
Central powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (Ottoman Empire) and Bulgaria were part of the Central Powers. The original alliance was between Germany and Austria-Hungary from the Triple Alliance, with Turkey and Bulgaria joining after the war started.
48
Allied Powers
Russia, France, and Britain are part of the Allied powers. Italy joined later (despite having alliance with Germany and Austria( because Great Britain and France promised to support Italy annexing the frontier lands in return for entering the war on the Entente side. Italy had little to gain from joining the central powers. The U.S also joined later on.
49
Triple Alliance
The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France In turn, Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral.
50
Triple Entente
The Triple Entente was made up of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia.It developed from the Franco-Russian alliance.
51
Schlieffen plan
Made in 1905, by chief of German Army Alfred Von Schlieffen. Was a German military strategy during WWI to quickly defeat France by bypassing its fortified border with Belgium, encircling Paris, and then turning to face Russia on the Eastern Front. It aimed for a swift victory on the Western Front before dealing with the Eastern Front. It ended up failing because it was difficult for Germany to attack through Belgium and Russia was able to quickly mobilize troops even after losing in the Russo-Japanese war.
52
Black Hand
* The Black Hand (terrorist group wanted Serbian independence) but trialism would eliminate and hope for that (history of trying to attack Austrian officials in Bosnia)
* A failed attempt on Ferdinand’s life made by the Black Hand, then miscommunication caused his fatal assassination.
53
Unrestricted submarine warfare
* In an effort to cut off supplies to the British Isles and weaken their enemy Germany declared a war zone around Britain, within which merchant ships were sunk without warning
* Angered states such as the US
* e.g. the sinking of the Lusitania which had american passangers unboard
54
Zimmerman telegram
* Germany needed to build allies in the First World War. In fact, they wanted Mexico to be on their side of the war.
* They decided to send a telegram to Mexico telling them that if they help them win the war, Germany will help them regain all the territories that they lost in the Mexican American War, Texas annexation, and the Mexican cession.
* British spies intersected and stopped the passage of the telegram, and these spies sent the telegram to the United States. As a result of this, the United States was furious.
* If Mexico supplied German troops, it would be easy to attack the United States since we share a border with each other.
* The United States lost all plans of peace with Germany, especially after the Sussex pledge was broken between them. Submarine warfare would continue.
55
Trench Warfare
* Heavily utilized throughout WW1
* Not the most effective - trenches were only a couple feet wide and deep and the land between them was known as “no man’s land” - little coverage, easy to be shot down
* Heavy casualties
* Utilized mainly on Western front between Germany and the allied forces (U.S., France, and Britain)
The nature of trenches led to many infections
56
No man's land
* The land between trenches
* Little to no coverage - soldiers easily shot down
57
Western front
* One of the main theatres of WW1
* Trench warfare and stalemates
German vs Allied forces (Britain, France, U.S.)
* the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium, then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France
* Large stalemate, both sides tried diff tactics (poison gas for example) to win.
58
WWI Technology
* Aviation - recon, then militarized aircraft
* Naval - sea mines, dreadnaughts, larger warships, submarines
* Ground vehicles - tanks and armored cars
* Conventional weapons - artillery weapons, rifles, bayonets, machine guns. grenades/shells
* Fueled by the Industrial revolution (more iron, development of steam engines, mass production of sulfuric acid lead to stronger vehicles (armored), more artillery, and steam powered vehicles).
59
Military Weapons
* Chemical warfare (mustard gas, phosogene gas, HCl gas)
* Guns (rifles, machine guns, bayonets)
* Shells/mines/sea mines/grenades
60
Mustard gas
* A poisonous gas employed by both sides during WW1
* Caused burns on skin
61
Attrition
* Attrition warfare
* The sustained process of wearing down an opponent so as to force their physical collapse to such an extent that their will to fight collapses. (Tiring out the enemy as a tactics to win)
62
The home front
* Used for the U.S.
* A term for the war effort in the states (rationing, war bonds, factories, etc)
* Systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war.
63
Women at war
* men overseas because of the war
* as a result, a lot of vacant jobs
employment increases by 24-37 percent
* women were valued as workers
* Women Defense Relief Corps
* Women's army auxiliary corps
* Surgeons and nurses
* Worked in factories, as police officers, bus drivers, and more.
64
Propaganda
1. Bandwagon:
Objective: Encouraging people to support a cause because "everyone else is doing it."
2. Name-calling:
Objective: Disparaging the enemy or their leaders by using negative labels.
3. Generalization:
Objective: Using emotionally appealing words without providing concrete evidence.
4. Plain Folks:
Objective: Portraying leaders or figures as ordinary people to connect with the average citizen.
5. Transfer:
Objective: Associating a symbol, person, or idea with positive emotions to gain support.
6. Testimonials:
Objective: Using endorsements or testimonials from prominent figures to build credibility.
7. Fear:
Objective: Creating fear and anxiety to manipulate public opinion.
8. Card Stacking:
Objective: Presenting only positive information to build a one-sided argument.
9. Slogan:
Objective: Creating catchy phrases to quickly convey a message and evoke emotions.
10. Repetition:
Objective: Repeatedly emphasizing a message to make it more memorable and persuasive.
65
Marne
The First Battle of the Marne took place during World War I in September 1914. It was a crucial battle between the Allied powers (primarily French and British forces) and the German Empire. The Germans aimed to quickly advance through France, but the Allies, realizing the strategic importance of the Marne River, launched a counteroffensive. German army invaded France with a plan for winning the war within 40 days but French and British forces fought back (and won). Both sides suffered heavy casualties, Marked the end of the German sweep into France and the beginning of the trench warfare that was to characterize World War One.
66
Gallipoli Campaign
* Military operation during World War I that took place on the Gallipoli Peninsula in the Ottoman Empire (modern-day Turkey).
* It was launched in 1915 by the Allied forces, including troops from Australia and New Zealand, with the goal of opening a new front against the Central Powers and securing control of the Dardanelles Strait.
* The campaign, however, faced strong resistance from Ottoman forces, leading to a prolonged and costly stalemate. The Allies eventually decided to evacuate their troops in 1916, and the Gallipoli Campaign ended without achieving its objectives.
* Remembered for high casualties ( 44k allied soldiers dead, 87k ottoman soldiers dead)
67
Verdun
* During World War I, Germany faced challenges on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. They believed they could win on both fronts, thinking that France and Russia were weak. However, Russia surprised them by mobilizing, and Germany lost at the Battle of the Marne. Desperate to control the Western Front, new weapons like poisonous gases, artillery, airplanes, and more were used.
* The Sacred Way, or La voie sacrée, was a road crucial for bringing troops and supplies to the French at Verdun. Germany aimed to "bleed France white" using a war of attrition, trying to force surrender by annihilating the French army and by attacking the fortress city of Verdun.. The Battle of Verdun resulted in around 700,000 casualties on both sides.
* The Battle of the Somme, happening simultaneously, helped France as Germany had to shift some troops from the Western to the Eastern Front. This contributed to France's ultimate success in the war.
68
Jutland
* Naval battle, British Empire relied on sea routes- As a result Germany felt threatened
* Britain had a significantly stronger fleet
* no decisive winner of the battle
CAUSES
1. German wanted control of sea routes
2. submarines
3. 100000 soldiers utilized, 8648 deaths ( MORE BRITISH DEATHS )
CONSEQUENCES:
1. Britain creates a blockade, ceases ships from Germany to Austria Hungary.
69
Somme
The Battle of the Somme was a major conflict during World War I, fought between British and French forces against the German Empire. It took place from July 1 to November 18, 1916, along the River Somme in France. The goal was to break through German lines, but it resulted in extensive casualties on both sides. Allies failed to end the stalemate of trench warfare. The battle is notable for the first use of tanks in warfare. Despite the high human cost, the Allies gained little ground, making the Battle of the Somme a symbol of the challenges and losses of trench warfare. 7- day bombardment- Germany vs Britain and France.
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Amiens
The Battle of Amiens was a decisive conflict during World War I, taking place from August 8 to 11, 1918. It involved British, Canadian, and Australian forces, along with French and American support, against the German Empire. The Allies achieved a significant breakthrough, utilizing new tactics and coordination. The battle is considered a turning point in the war, leading to the eventual defeat of the Central Powers.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
* CONTEXT- Russia was the least equipped and industrialized
* had to deal with corruption---- lacked leadership and arms
* internal issue and conflict with the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Bolsheviks
* Due to also the influenza pandemic and the amount of loss of life from the war already
* RUSSIA WAS FORCED TO GET OUT OF THE WAR
* THEREFORE: Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3rd, 1918 to get out of the war
* This is a problem for the Allied powers
* Great for Germany
* Germany can focus on the western front- France, and move its way in
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Influenza pandemic
* 1918-20
* Also known as the Spanish flu
* New disease and it spread quickly -> quickly infected many and their immune systems weren’t prepared/strong enough to fight it off
* Spread during ww1 - starting through Western Europe -> worldwide (New Zealand, India, U.S., Samoa).
* Killed millions (second wave - people developed pneumonia after the first two days of fever and it became lethal).
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Paris Peace conference
* The Paris Peace Conference was a meeting held in 1919 after World War I to negotiate the terms of peace. Representatives from Allied and Central Powers gathered in Paris to discuss the treaties that would officially end the war.
* The most notable outcome was the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh conditions on Germany. The conference aimed to establish a new international order, but the resulting treaties had long-term consequences, contributing to geopolitical tensions and setting the stage for future conflicts.
* The Council of FOUR: Britain, France USA, and Italy
* This is where Woodrow Wilson proposes his 14 points
* Lloyd George wanted Germany to pay but didn’t want Germany to be completely weak because Germany would be a barrier to eventually growing ideas of Communism ( on the Eastern Front ).
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Treaty of Versailles
After World War 1 ended, European Allies [England, France, Russia] were furious with Germany and wanted a treaty that punished Germany and made them pay for the damage of the war. However, President Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to make sure a war like this would never happen again, which would prove wrong as World War 2 would happen eventually. But, at the time, he advocated the 14 points policy. The European allies denied all the points except the 14th point, which was the League of Nations, which was added to the Treaty of Versailles.
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League of Nations
* The League of Nations was Wilson’s fourteenth point that all the allies agreed on. The League of Nations was also an international organization where countries would meet to discuss issues instead of fighting. This was to promote peace.
* After the League of Nations failed, World War II started.
* Although this was an idea promoted by Wildrow Wilson, the United States never joined the league because the US Senate rejected it. US DID NOT WANT FOREIGN ENTANGLEMENT
* This was part of the Treaty of Versailles to make sure there was an end to world wars, and to ensure Germany would pay for the damage done after the war.
* ABOUT 14 POINTS:
President Wildrow Wilson's plan to prevent another world war.
The allies rejected most of the points except one: the fourteenth point, the League of Nations.
Some of the points regarding the league of nations include self-determination, negating secret alliances and treaties, disarmament ( giving up weapons ).
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Romanov Dynasty
* 306 years
* last imperial dynasty to rule russia
* 1618 Michael the 1st
* Grandson Peter the 1st
* Ends with Nicholas 2nd (1917)
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Tsar Alexander II
* Tsar Alexander II, also known as Alexander the Liberator, was the Emperor of Russia from 1855 until his assassination in 1881.
* He Abolishes RUS serfdom by passing emancipation edict 1861
* Serfs still had to buy/rent land (like U.S. sharecropping)
* Political prisoners released
* Removed laws against religious minorities (Jews)
Got rid of corporal punishment
* Was assassinated (unliked) 1881
Tsar Alexander III ( son )
* reverses Alexander 11’s reforms
threatened by Western culture
implements police state
* Russification- assimilation of Non- Russian community
* must worship in the Eastern Orthodox Church
* Affected areas of Russification: Balkans, Ukraine, Finland, Central Asia
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Emancipation Manifesto
* Also known as Emancipation Edict
* Passed by Tsar Alexander II to eliminate RUS serfdom
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Duma
The Duma refers to the legislative body in Russia, new elected legislature as a result of the October manifesto
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Pogroms
organized massacre of Jews in Russia, during times of economic hardship or political unrest
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Tsar Nicholas II
* Followed in father’s footsteps (alexander iii)
Romanov dynasty ends with him
* Faced significant challenges during his reign, including the Russo-Japanese War, the 1905 Russian Revolution, and World War I.
* His rule came to an end with the Russian Revolution of 1917
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October Manifesto
* The October Manifesto was a significant document issued by Tsar Nicholas II of Russia in October 1905 in response to the Russian Revolution of 1905. The manifesto was intended to address widespread unrest and demands for political reforms.
* Key points of the October Manifesto included the granting of civil liberties, the establishment of the State Duma (an elected legislative body), and the promise of broader political representation, with the new government headed by Alexander Kerensky.
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Bolshevik/October Revolution 1917
* Led by Vladimir Lenin, "Peace, land, and bread"
* It resulted in the overthrow of the Duma's Provisional Government,ppl weren't content with it especially as internal and external conflicts (WW1) still presisted
* called for a Soviet government that would be ruled directly by councils of soldiers, peasants and workers.
led to the establishment of a socialist government in Russia.
* The Bolsheviks later formed the Soviet Union, marking a significant shift in Russian politics and the beginning of communist rule under Lenin.
* Nearly bloodless
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Bloody Sunday
* Workers were struggling due to a weak economy, military, and international relations, with no significant industrialization. In response, mainly peasants led the Russian Revolution. The Bloody Sunday petition called for universal suffrage, freeing political prisoners, public education, fair working conditions, and separation of church and state.
* During the peaceful Bloody Sunday march organized by Father Gapon, over 150 thousand people signed the petition. However, the march turned tragic when they were met with gunfire, resulting in the death of innocent people, including children.
* The aftermath led to widespread discontent, worker strikes, and growing demands for reform. People developed a strong resentment towards the Tsar and his policies, eventually leading to the October Manifesto as a response to the unrest.
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Vladimir Lenin
* Lead Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
* 1st head and founder of soviet state
* Marxists
* Organizing “soviets-”groups of workers and soldiers
* Promised “peace, land, and bread”
* Turned Russia into USSR
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New Economic Policy
* Introduced by Lenin, the economic policy involved limited private ownership and entrepreneurship., with state oversight.
* Government owned businesses operated for profit, while private ownership returned for agriculture, retail trade, and small-scale industry.
* The state maintained control over heavy industry, transport, banking, and foreign trade. Peasants could own and cultivate land, paying taxes to the state.
* This policy aimed to stabilize the economy after war and civil unrest, seen as a temporary measure while the Communists solidified power.
* Continuous grain shortages later led Stalin to eliminate private farmland ownership and bring agriculture under state control for future food security.
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Communism
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
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Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin was a leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He rose to power after the death of Vladimir Lenin. Stalin implemented policies that transformed the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power but at a significant human cost. His rule was marked by authoritarian control, political purges, forced collectivization of agriculture, and mass executions.
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Ukrainian Famine
The Ukrainian Famine, also known as the Holodomor, was a devastating famine that occurred in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933. It was a man-made tragedy orchestrated by Joseph Stalin's government. The Soviet authorities, through policies like forced collectivization and grain requisition quotas, confiscated food from Ukrainian farmers, causing widespread starvation. Millions of Ukrainians, particularly peasants, died due to the famine. The Ukrainian Famine is a tragic event and a contentious historical topic, with debates surrounding its causes and recognition as a deliberate act of genocide by the Soviet government.
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Great Purge
* J. Stalin became extremely paranoid
* People accused of crimes/plotting against state and killed
* Many rounds - innocent died
* mass arrests in waves of “enemies of the people
who were “enemies of the people”? literally anyone, it could be people who were convicted randomly with no evidence whatsoever
* this is because of Stalin’s paranoia
* it put people in constant fear
* killed lots of people
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Gulag camps
* people were naked and kept outside
* 14-16 hours, people were starved, hungry
* lots of people were murdered
* The primary purpose of the Gulag was to incarcerate and punish perceived political enemies of the state, including intellectuals, political dissidents, religious figures, and anyone considered a threat to the Soviet regime.
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Collectivization of agriculture
* Taking private property to merge and become public for increased productivity
* By Stalin
* collectivization was often enforced through coercive measures, including violence, mass deportations, and confiscation of property.
* genocide of Ukrainian people ( tens of millions )
* increased the grain quotas- until they were impossible to be met
* people who tried to get food somehow were shot
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Five Year Plans
First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932):
- Launched by Joseph Stalin in 1928.
- Rapid industrialization with a focus on heavy industry.
- Collectivization of agriculture alongside industrial goals.
- Centralized planning through agencies like Gosplan.
- Significant urbanization and shift from agrarian to industrial society.
- Strict production targets and consequences for failure.
- Transformation of individual farms into collective and state farms.
Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937):
- Followed the First Five-Year Plan, extending into new sectors.
- Increased emphasis on improving agricultural production.
- Promotion of socialist realism in art and literature.
- Emergence of the Stakhanovite movement celebrating high productivity.
- Efforts to improve living standards for the population.
- Cut short due to World War II, with focus on military preparation.
- Continued expansion of collective and state farms.
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USSR
As communism spread and became the central government, Russia became USSR ( or as we know it as- Soviet Union
