Important Acronyms and Terms Flashcards
(650 cards)
1
Q
A
A
Adenine
2
Q
AA
A
Amino Acid
3
Q
AAAS
A
Alberta Association of Agricultural Societies
4
Q
AAEA
A
Alberta Agricultural Economics Association
5
Q
AAFC
A
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
6
Q
Ab
A
Antibody
7
Q
ABP
A
Alberta Beef Producers
8
Q
ACUC- L
A
Alberta Care and Use Committee for Livestock
9
Q
ACCRU
A
Alberta Cooperative Conservation Research Unit
10
Q
ACFA
A
Alberta Cattle Feeders Association
11
Q
AC
A
Alberta Chicken
12
Q
ACPPTC
A
Alberta Chicken Producers Poultry Technology Centre
13
Q
ACTH
A
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone
14
Q
ACTS
A
Alberta Conservation and Tillage Society
15
Q
ADF
A
Acid Detergent Fibre
16
Q
ADG
A
Average Daily Grain
17
Q
ADH
A
Anti- Diuretic Hormone
18
Q
ADP
A
Adenosine Diphosphate
19
Q
ADSA
A
Alberta Dairy Science Association
20
Q
AESA
A
Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agricultural Council
21
Q
AFAC
A
Alberta Farm Animal Council
22
Q
AFC
A
Agriculture and Food Council
23
Q
AFNS
A
Agriculture, Food, and Nutritional Science
24
Q
AFPA
A
Alberta Food Processors Association
25
AFSC
Alberta Financial Services Coorporation
26
Ag/ Antigen
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
27
AGC
Alberta Grain Commission
28
AHEP
Alberta Hatching Egg Producers
29
AHFMR
Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research
30
AI
Artificial Insemination or Avian Influenza
31
AI- Bio
Alberta Innovates Biosolutions
32
AIA
Alberta Institute of Agrologists
33
AIC
Agricultural Institute of Canada
34
AITG
Agri- Industry Trade Group
35
ALES (faculty)
Agriculture, Life, and Environmental Sciences
36
ALF
Animal Liberation Front
37
ALMA
Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency
38
AME
Apparent Metabolizable Energy
39
AM
Alberta Milk
40
ANAC
Animal Nutrition Association of Canada
41
ANS
Automatic Nervous System
42
AOPA
Agriculture Operations Practices Act
43
APF
Agriculture Policy Framework
44
APHIS
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
45
APMA
Agricultural Products Marketing Act
46
ARC
Alberta Research Council
47
ARD
Alberta Agricultural and Rural Development
48
ASAS
American Society of Animal Science
49
ASBG
Alberta Sugar Beet Growers
50
ASRD
Alberta Sustainable Resource Development
51
ASWC
Alberta Sheep and Wool Commission
52
ASWPC
Alberta Soft Wheat Producers Council
53
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate or Alberta Turkey Producers
54
BCA
Breed Class Average
55
BCS
Body Condition Score
56
BF
Butterfat
57
BMP
Beneficial Marketing Practices or Best Management Practices
58
BMR
Basal Metabolic Rate
59
BSE
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
60
BST
Bovine Somatotrophin
61
BVD
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
62
BW
Body Weight
63
C
Cytosine
64
CA
Corpus Albicans
65
CAHC
Canadian Animal Health Coalition
66
CAHI
Canadian Animal Health Institude
67
CALAS
Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science
68
CAP
Classroom Agriculture Program
69
CARC
Canadian Agri- Food Research Council
70
CARD
Canadian Adaptation and Rural Development Fund
71
CBBC
Canadian Beef Breeds Council
72
CBC
Canadian Broilers Council
73
CHEP
Canadian Hatching Egg Producers
74
CCA
Canadian Cattleman Association
75
CCAC
Canadian Council on Animal Care
76
CCIA
Canadian Cattle Identification Agency
77
CCP
Critical Control Point
78
CCWG
Canadian Cooperative Wool Growers
79
CDC
Canadian Dairy Commisions
80
CDIC
Canadian Dairy Information Centre
81
CEITS
Canadian Egg Industry Traceability
82
CEMA
Canadian Egg Marketing Agency
83
CF
Crude Fibre
84
CFA
Canadian Federation of Agriculture
85
CFC
Chicken Farmers of Canada
86
CFIA
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
87
CFO
Confined Feeding Operations
88
CJAS
Canadian Journal of Animal Science
89
CJD
Creutzfeldt Feeding Operations
90
CL
Corpus Luteum
91
CLA
Conjugated Linoleic Acid
92
CLRC
Canadian Livestock Records Corporation
93
CITIP
Canadian Industry Traceability Infrastructure Program
94
CME
Chicago Mercantile Exchange
95
CNS
Central Nervous System
96
CoA/ Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle
97
COFFS
Canadian On- Farm Food Safety Program
98
COP
Cost of Production
99
CP
Crude Protein
100
CPEPC
Canadian Poultry and Egg Processors Council
101
CPRC
Canadian Poultry Research Council
102
CRFA
Canadian Restaurant and Food Services Association
103
CSAS
Canadian Society of Animal Science
104
CSBA
Canadian Sheep Breeders Association
105
CSCFSC
Canadian Supply Chain Food Safety Coalition
106
CSF
Cerebrospinal fluid
107
CSGA
Canadian Seed Growers Association
108
CSIP
Canadian Sheep Identification Program
109
CTP
Canadian Turkey Producers
110
CWD
Chronic Wasting Disease
111
DDGS
Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles
112
DE
Digestible Energy
113
DFC
Dairy Farmers of Canada
114
DFD
dry, firm, dark (condition of meat)
115
DHI
Dairy Heard Improvement
116
DM
Dry Matter
117
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
118
DOA
Dead On Arrival
119
DRTC
Dairy Research and Technology Centre
120
DY
Double Yolked Egg
121
EAE
Enzootic Abortion of Ewes
122
EE
Ether Extract
123
EFA
Egg Farmers of Alberta
124
EFC
Egg Farmers of Canada
125
EFP
Environmental Farm Program/ Plan
126
EGPM
Environmental Good Practice Manual
127
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
128
ELISA
Enzyme Linked Immunoadsorbent Assay
129
END
Exotic Newcastle Disease
130
EODES
Erratic Oviposition and Defective Egg Syndrome
131
ET
Embryo Transfer
132
FA
Fatty Acid
133
FADEN
Foreign Animal Disease Eradication Network
134
FADES
Foreign Animal Disease Eradication Support
135
FASS
Federation of Animal Sciences Societies
136
FCC
Farm Credit Canada
137
FCPMC
Food and Consumer Products Manufacturers of Canada
138
FCR
Feed Conversion Rate
139
FE
Feed Efficiency
140
FMD
Foot and Mouth Disease
141
FPA
Federal/Provincial Aggreement
142
FPPAC
Further Poultry Processors Association of Canada
143
FSEP
Facility, Services, and Equipment Profile
144
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
145
FTA
Free Trade Agreement
146
F & W
Fish and Wildlife
147
G (DNA)
Guanine
148
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
149
GE
Gross Energy
150
GF
Growth Factor
151
GH
Growth Hormone
152
GIT
Gastro- Intestinal Tract
153
GMP
Good Manufacturing Practices
154
GnRH
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
155
h^2
Heritability
156
HACCP
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point
157
HCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
158
HD
Hen Day Egg Production
159
HDL
High Density Lipoproteins
160
HH
Hen Housed Egg Production
161
HISC
HACCP Implementation Steering Committee
162
HSUS
Humane Society of the United States
163
IAMF
Innovation on Agribusiness Management Fund
164
IBR
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
165
ICAR
Inventory of Canadian Agri-Food Research
166
ICL
Important Control List
167
Ig
Immunoglobulin
168
IGF
Insulin- like Growth Factor
169
ILT
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
170
ILWG
Intensive Livestock Working Group
171
IM
Intramuscular
172
INTEGRA
Integrated Agriculture
173
IP
Identity Preservation or Intraperitoneal
174
IQF
Individually Quick Frozen
175
ISRIP
Innovation and Science Research Investments Program
176
IV
Intravenous
177
IVF
In vitro Fertilization
178
JAPR
Journal of Applied Poultry Research
179
JAS
Journal of Animal Science
180
JIT
Just in Time (production efficiency strategy)
181
LASA
Laboratory Animal Science Association
182
LCF
Least Cost Formula
183
LDA
Left Displacement Abomasum or Liquidated Damages Assessment Agreement
184
LDL
Low Density Lipoproteins
185
LH
Luteinizing Hormone
186
LWF
Large White Follicles
187
LYF
Large Yellow Follicles
188
MAK
Modified Atmosphere Killing
189
MCF
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
190
ME
Metabolizable Energy
191
ME_m
ME requirement for Maintenence
192
MPIP
Modern Poultry Inspection Program
193
MSQ
Market Share Quota
194
NAASA
National Association of Supervisory Agencies
195
NAD
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
196
NADP
Nicotinamde Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
197
NAFTS
National Agriculture and Food Traceability System
198
NAPA
National Allocation and Pricing Agreement
199
NBIDF
National Beef Industry Development Fund
200
NDF
Neutral Detergent Fibre
201
NE
Net Energy
202
NE_m
Net Energy of Maintence
203
NE _p
Net Energy of Production
204
NFE
Nitrogen Free Extract
205
NLID
National Livestock Identification Program for Dairy Cattle
206
NLTS
National Livestock Traceability Systems
207
NPFC
National Farm Products Council
208
NRC
National Research Centre
209
NRCB
National Resources Conservation Board
210
NSP
Non- starch polysaccharide
211
NVL
No Visible Lesions
212
OAB
Original Alberta Beef
213
OFFSAP
On-Farm Food Safety Assurance Program
214
OIE
World Organization for Animal Health (Office International des Epizooties)
215
OT
Oxytocin
216
OTM
Over Thirty Months
217
PETA
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
218
PG
Prostaglandin
219
PID
Premises Identification
220
PMSG
Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin
221
PMU
Pregnant Mare Urine
222
PNS
Parasympathetic Nervous System
223
PRL
Prolactin Hormone
224
PSA
Poultry Science Association
225
PSE
pale, soft, exudative (condition of meat)
226
PSS
Porcine Stress Syndrome
227
PST
Porcine Somatotropin
228
PTH
Parathyroid Hormone
229
PUFA
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
230
QAP
Quality Assurance Program
231
RBC
Red Blood Cell
232
RFI
Residual Feed Intake
233
RH
Relative Humidity
234
RIA
Radioimmunoassay
235
RME_m
Residual ME_m (Maintenance Requirement)
236
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
237
RP
Rectal Prolapse or Retained Placenta or Retractor Penis Muscle
238
RTE
Ready to Eat
239
SDM
Specifically Defined Mixture
240
SDS
Sudden Death Syndrome (flip syndrome)
241
SG
Specific Gravity
242
SIP
Seed Industry Partnership
243
SM5 (What are the 5 supply managed commodities in Canada?)
Milk, Chicken, Eggs, Turkey, Broiler hatching eggs
244
SNS
Sympathetic Nervous System
245
SNP
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
246
SPCA
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
247
SPCAR
Standing Policy on Agriculture and Rural Development
248
SQ (SubQ)
Subcutaneous
249
SRM
Specified Risk Materials
250
SRTC
Swine Research and Technology Centre
251
SST
Sperm Storage Tubules
252
STH
Somatotropin Hormone
253
SWF
Small White Follicles
254
SYF
Small Yellow Follicles
255
T (DNA)
Thymine
256
T_3
Triiodothyronine
257
T_4
Thyroxine
258
TB
Tuberculosis
259
TCA
Tricarboxylic Acid
260
TDN
Totally Digestible Nutrients
261
TGE
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
262
TH
Thyroid Hormone
263
TME
True Metabolizable Energy
264
TMR
Total Mixed Ration
265
TP
True Protein
266
TRQ
Tariff Rate Quotas
267
TSH
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
268
TSMO
Traceability Systems Management Office
269
TTT
Traceability Task Team
270
U (RNA)
Uracil
271
UA
University of Alberta
272
UCVM
University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
273
UFA
United Farmers of Alberta
274
UGG
United Grain Growers
275
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
276
UTM
Under Thirty Months
277
UVJ
Utero- Vaginal Junction
278
VFA
Volatile Fatty Acids
279
VIDO
Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization
280
VLDL
Very Low Density Lipoproteins
281
WBC
White Blood Cell
282
WCVM
Western Collage of Veterinary Medicine
283
WTO
World Trade Organization
284
Abomasum
Fourth of four compartments of the
ruminant stomach; ‘true’ stomach; equivalent to the
stomach of monogastrics
285
Acid Detergent Fibre
Components of feedstuff not
solubilized by an acid detergent (i.e. – cellulose,
lignin)
286
Acidosis
Digestive upset caused by a drop in rumen
| pH
287
Active Immunity
Direct exposure to, or vaccination
| with, infectious agents to elicit an immune response
288
Acute
A disease in which symptoms arise quickly and
to a severe degree; often not prolonged and ends in
death or recovery
289
Additive
Substance added to the feed; usually for
| nutritional or medicinal purposes
290
Adenohypophysis
Anterior pituitary; releases LH
| and FSH
291
Adipose Tissue
```
Fat cells (containing lipids), which
are arranged into lobules
```
292
Ad Libitum
Feeding regime which provides as much
feed as the animals consume; there is no restriction
of feed intake
293
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Released from
anterior hypophysis; stimulates the adrenal cortex to
secrete glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoid
294
Alektorophobia
fear of chickens
295
All- in All- out
Management practice is which all
animals are moved in and moved out of the a
certain facility at the same time in order to allow for
complete cleaning in between cycles, and therefore
reduce the chance of a disease being spread
between groups or generations
296
Ampullae/ Ampulary Glands
Male reproductive
| accessory gland; enlargement of the vas deferens
297
Anestrus
Period in the female reproductive cycle of
| no sexual activity
298
Anthropomorphism
Assigning of human attributes,
| such as emotions to animals
299
Antibiotic
Medicant used in combating a bacterial
| infection
300
Antibody
Protein produced by the body as part of
the specific defence mechanism against/in response
to invasion by foreign agents
301
Antidiuretic Hormone
Secreted by the posterior
pituitary; prevents excess water loss from the body
by re-absorbing water from the kidneys
302
Antigen
A substance foreign to the body of
organism, which elicits an immune reaction upon
entering the body
303
Antiseptic
Chemical used with the intent of reducing
| bacterial populations
304
Antitoxin
Used in combating the toxins produced by
| bacteria
305
Anus
Exiting point of undigested feed materials, in
the form of feces, from the digestive tract of an
animal
306
Apparent Digestability
Proportion of nutrient in a
feed that is digested and absorbed in the digestive
tract, calculated as the amount of nutrient in feed
minus the amount of nutrient in feces; apparent
digestibility is not corrected for endogenous
materials
307
Apparent Metabolizable Energy
Proportion of energy in a feed that is digested and absorbed in the digestive tract, calculated as the amount of energy in feed minus the amount of energy in feces; apparent metabolizable energy is not corrected for endogenous energy loss
308
Appetite
Desire to feed or consume water
309
Artificial Insemination
Creation of a pregnancy without direct contact between the dam and sire; semen collected from the sire is deposited into the uterus of the dam with the use of semen straws
310
As- fed
When considering the values of a feed when
| the inherent water has not been removed
311
Atresia
Degeneration of a follicle during development
312
Avian
Pertaining to birds (in agriculture, particularly
| the domesticated species of poultry)
313
Aviary
Facility in which birds are housed
314
Backgrounding
Putting calves on pasture before
| market
315
Basal metabolism
Energy expended by an animal
which is resting in environmentally comfortable
conditions approximately 12 hr after eating (postabsorptive
state)
316
Barrow
Castrated male pig
317
Bioassay
A test performed to determine the
difference of the effect of a drug or substance on a
test organism compared to the standard preparation
318
Biosecurity
Plan to the entry or spread of a disease
| in a flock/herd or between flocks/herds
319
Bloat
Inability for gas produced in the rumen to be
| diffused, resulting in an accumulation
320
Boar
Intact male pig
321
Bolus
1) Feed regurgitated to be re-chewed in
ruminants (i.e. – cud);
2) Orally administered capsule
322
Bovine
Pertaining to cattle
323
Breech
Birth in which the offspring is not in position
| to exit the birth canal properly
324
Breed
Group of organisms within a species with
common ancestors, common and distinguishable
features; distinguishable characteristics often arise
from selective breeding
325
Broiler
Domestic fowl that is raised for it’s increased
yield of muscle; chickens usually marketed at
approximately 2 kg liveweight
326
Brother
Male chick from the female line; not used in
| breeding; arises from errors in sexing
327
Buck
Male goat or deer
328
Bulbourethral Glands/ Cowpers glands
Male reproductive accessory glands; secrete fluid that is added to the sperm before ejaculation
329
Bull
Intact male bovine; male elk
330
Bull- calf
immature intact male calf
331
Burrdizzo
Instrument used for bloodless castrating
332
Burro
Donkey
333
Butterfat
Proportion of fat in milk produced by a
| dam
334
Caesarian Section
Surgical delivery of a calf (rather
| than vaginally)
335
Calcitonin
Released by the thyroid; decreases blood
| plasma levels of calcium
336
Calf
Young bovine and some cervids (less than one
| year of age)
337
Capon
Castrated male chicken
338
Caprine
Pertaining to goats
339
Carcass
Body of a slaughtered animal which has had
| viscera and offal removed
340
Castration
Removal of the reproductive organs;
| rendering an organism unable to reproduce
341
Caudal
Anatomical descriptor; meaning towards the
| tail or rear of an organism
342
Cecum
First section of the large intestine; blind sac;
contains anaerobic bacteria beneficial in the
fermentation of feedstuffs, especially in such hindgut
fermentors as horses and rabbits; equivalent to
the appendix in humans
343
Cell- Meditated Immunuty
Reaction of white blood
cells and phagocytic cells to the invasion of foreign
materials
344
Cervix
Tight seal between the uterus and vagina
345
Chevon
Goat meat
346
Chromosome
DNA molecule
347
Chronic
A disease with a long duration which arises
slowly; may be somewhat resistant to treatment,
and can result in impaired function
348
Citric Acid Cycle (also TCA cycle or Krebs cycle)
Metabolic pathway in animal cells through which
| carbohydrates are oxidized to energy
349
Claw
1) Chick toenail;
2) Part of a milking machine which attaches
directly to the teat of the cow in order to obtain milk
350
Cleiodoic
Embryo development in a closed
| environment (e.g. – an egg)
351
Cloaca
Area immediately preceding the vent in avian
species; access to the reproductive, urinary, and
digestive systems
352
Cockerel
Male chicken prior to sexual maturity
353
Coenzyme
Molecule which in necessary in the
| activation of an apoenzyme to an enzyme
354
Colostrum
Initial secretion of the mammary glands
immediately following parturition; high in fat,
nutrients, and immunoglobulins for the benefit of
the offspring
355
Colt
Young male horse
356
Colon
Major portion of the large intestine; contains
| anaerobic bacteria for degradation of feedstuffs
357
Comb
Flesh running from the top of the beak
| towards the back of the skull in chickens
358
Concentrate
Feedstuff high in energy; also low in
| fibre; e.g. – grains
359
Condition
Level of fatness on a carcass
360
Conditioned Reflex
Developed reflex where
something unrelated becomes mentally associated
with another thing
361
Conformation
Structure of the body of an animal
362
Congenital
a defect acquired before birth/hatching
363
Contagious(Communicable/Transmissible) –
Spread amongst organisms by direct or indirect
| contact
364
Corpus Luteum
Yellow body formed at the site of
ovulation on an ovary; important in hormone
regulation of pregnancy and reproduction
365
Cortical Bone
Hard outer layer of bone
366
Cow
Mature female bovine
367
Cranial
Anatomical descriptor; indicates towards the
| head or front of an organism
368
Creep- feed
Providing feed to nursing offspring in
| order to promote ease in weaning
369
Crop
Site of feed storage in the avian digestive
system; a sac attached to the esophagus, anterior to
the proventriculus and gizzard
370
Crossbreeding
Production of offspring by parents
| that are not related and are of different breeds
371
Crude Fibre
Insoluble carbohydrates (upon boiling in
acid and alkali during proximate analysis) of a
feedstuff; poorly digested by animals
372
Crude Protein
Protein content of a feed stuff as
estimated by multiplying the nitrogen content by a
factor (often 6.25) during proximate analysis; the
non-protein and true protein components taken
together
373
Cryptorchid
1) Failure of one or both of the testicles
to drop into the scrotum, cause partial or full sterility
Animal Science 200 Handbook – January 2014 10
2) A male animal castrated by pushing the testicles
back up into the body cavity and maintaining this
position using an elastrator; this effectively sterilizes
the male (arrests sperm production), while
production of male hormones is continued
374
Cull
Removing a low-producing, injured, sick or
otherwise inferior animal from the group; also, a
term for that animal
375
cwt
hundred weight (cent in Latin, meaning 100);
the unit of weight on which cattle are sold ($/cwt).
For example, an 860 pound carcass at a rail price of
$150/cwt would be worth 8.6 cwt x
$150/cwt=$1,290
376
Dairy Character
Characteristics unique to dairy
breeds which make them suitable for use in the
dairy industry
377
Dam
Maternal Parent Unit
378
Diet
Combination of feedstuffs provided on a
determined schedule; should provide the necessary
nutrients in sufficient quantities for health, growth,
and production
379
Disease
Abnormal change within the body
380
Displacement Behaviour
Usual behaviour of an animal which is used at the wrong time or place
381
Distal
Anatomical descriptor; indicates the location of
| something relatively distant
382
DNA
Molecule encoding the genetic make-up of an
organism. Comprised of repeating nucleotides,
which are units of a nitrogen base (one of: adenine,
cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), a pentose sugar,
and a phosphate group
383
Dock
remove a section of the tail
384
Doe
Female goat
385
Dorsal
Aspect of the area of the spine; ‘back’ of a
| bipedal organism, upper half of a quadruped
386
Draft
Animals (usually horses, cattle, oxen) used in
| pulling heavy loads or working agricultural land
387
Drench
Administration of a liquid medication orally
388
Drake
male duck
389
Dry cow
A cow which is not producing milk
390
Dry matter
Proportion of a feed that remains upon
| removal of water
391
Duodenum
First section of the small intestine;
| contains ducts from the gall bladder and pancreas
392
Duck
Female duck
393
Duckling
Young duck
394
Dystocia
Difficulty or complications during calving
395
Elastrator
Tool used to apply the rubber band in
| castration or tail docking by elastration
396
ELISA
Immunoadsorbent assay which determines the
presence or degree of action of an antigen or
antibody through reaction with an enzyme-linked
antibody or antigen to elicit a colour change of the
solution
397
Embryo
Developing organism:
1) between the stages of cellular division and
birth/hatching
2) first 45 days of pregnancy in cattle
398
Endemic
A human disease particular to a certain
geographical area or population; often, it involves
low morbidity and persists over a long period of time
399
Endocrine
Pertains to the system of glands which
release hormones directly into the blood in order to
effect metabolic changes
400
Endogenous
Produced or caused within an organism
401
Energy Hierarchy
Schematic of the energy
consumed, produced, and utilized by an animal:
Gross energy (GE): Total energy present in a feed as
determined by bomb calorimetry
Digestible energy (DE): Gross energy minus the energy
of feces
Metabolizable energy (ME): Digestible energy minus the
energy of urine and gas
Net energy (NE): Metabolizable energy minus the heat
increment of feeding
Net energy of maintenance: Energy required to
maintain normal body function (homeostasis)
Net energy of production: Net energy remaining after
maintenance has been completed which can go
towards production of further substances, such as
muscles, milk, eggs, wool, or offspring
402
Enzootic
An animal disease commonly affecting a
| certain geographic area or population
403
Enzyme
Reaction-specific organic protein catalyst;
| initiates or increases speed of said reactions
404
Epidemic
Sudden and unusual rise in the incidence
| of an illness or disease within a certain population
405
Epididymis
Coiled tube in the male reproductive
system, used in transporting sperm from the testis
to the vas deferens and storage of mature sperm
406
Epiornitic
Avian Epidemic
407
Epizootic
Animal epidemic
408
Equine
Pertaining to horses
409
Eructation
Belching of the gaseous products of
| rumination (i.e. – CO2 and CH4)
410
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell
411
Esophageal groove
Muscular tube which closes to
allow milk to bypass the reticulorumen when a
young ruminant is suckling
412
Estrogen
Female sex steroid; produced in the ovary;
involved in estrus and development/maintenance of
secondary sex characteristics
413
Estrus
Period during a female reproductive cycle
| when the female is in heat and is willing to mate
414
Etiology
Study of factors that contribute to the
| occurrence of a disease
415
Ewe
Mature female sheep
416
Ewe lamb
young female sheep
417
Exogenous
Produced or caused outside of the body
418
Extensive Management
Production system which
is based upon low input; mainly involves pasture
and grazing
419
Farrow
To give birth to a litter of piglets
420
Fatty Acid
Organic acid which combines with
| glycerol to form fat
421
Fawn
Juvenile deer or either gender
422
Fecal
Pertaining to feces
423
Feces
Undigested material and endogenous materials
which are expelled from the digestive tract via the
anus
424
Feed Efficiency
The units of feed required per unit
of agricultural product; a lower amount of input per
unit of product indicates that the animal can utilize
feed more efficiently, and is an economic benefit
when compared to an animal which utilizes feed less
efficiently
425
Feed Restriction
Limiting the amount of feed the
animal have access to; this can be accomplished
through low amounts of diet or through low
amounts of nutrients in a ration
426
Feedstuff
A substance deemed appropriate for use
| as an animal food
427
Fertility/Fecundity
Ability of an animal to
| reproduce; to produce viable gametes and offspring
428
Fertilization
Production of a zygote through
| syngamy of maternal and paternal gametes
429
Fetus
1) Developing offspring once it has become
recognizable (differentiated such that limbs are
distinct)
2) Developing calf after the 45 day of pregnancy
430
Filly
Young female horse
431
Finish
The prepare an animal for market by feeding
| to accumulate the desired amount of fat
432
Finisher
Ration for animals ready for market
433
First-calf Heifer
Young female bovine that is
| pregnant with or nursing her first calf
434
Five Freedoms
Guidelines established in an effort to
define the optimal living conditions of animals in
captivity
Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
Freedom from starvation and malnutrition
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom from thermal and physical discomfort
Freedom to express normal behaviours
435
Flight zone
Distance of an object to an animal
| before the animal will move away
436
Flushing
Increasing level or quantity of feed 2 to 3
| weeks prior to breeding in order to increase fertility
437
Foal
Young offspring of a horse (either gender)
438
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Hormone secreted
by the anterior pituitary; encourages development of
oocytes or sperm
439
Foodstuff
A substance deemed appropriate for use
| as a human food
440
Forage
Feedstuffs of mainly vegetative matter, such
| as hay, silage, or pasture
441
Forced Molting (forced rest)
Forcing a flock of
laying chickens to lost their feathers in order to
stimulate another (somewhat shorter) production
cycle
442
Founder
Overeating of grain or rich grass causing
| severe hoof inflammation
443
Fowl
1) Domesticated avian species
| 2) Female chicken at the end of 1 year of production
444
Free Range
Agricultural commodities produced to
meet certain standards such that they are deemed
‘free range’; for example, free range eggs are
produced when laying hens are allowed access to
the outdoors
445
Free Run
Agricultural commodities produced to meet
certain standards such that they are deemed ‘free
run’; for example, free run eggs are produced when
laying hens are not housed in cages, but are freeroaming
on a floor
446
Fresh
Give birth
447
Functional food
A functional food is similar in
appearance to, or may be, a conventional food that
is consumed as part of a usual diet, and is
demonstrated to have physiological benefits and/or
reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic
nutritional functions, i.e. they contain bioactive
compound.
Source: http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display-affich
er.do?id=1171305207040&lang=eng
448
Gamete
Mature sex cell which is capable of fusing
| with another of the other sex to form a zygote
449
Gander
Male goose
450
Gelding
Castrated male horse
451
Gene
Unit of heredity, occupying a specific location
| on a chromosome
452
Gestation
Pregnancy
453
Gizzard
Digestive organ in avian species, distal to
the proventriculus, which acts to reduce feed
particle size by a grinding action of two large
muscles
454
Glucagon
Hormone secreted by the pancreas;
stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels by
converting glycogen to glucose for use by the body
455
Glycolysis
Metabolic conversion of glucose to lactic
| acid, for use in further energy yielding metabolism
456
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
Hormone
released from the hypothalamus; regulates the
release of LH and FSH
457
Goose
Female Goose
458
Gosling
Immature goose
459
Grower
Ration for young and growing animals
460
Growth factors
Substances which effect the growth
| and differentiation of cells/tissues/organs
461
Growth Hormone
Released by the anterior
| pituitary; stimulates growth
462
Guinea Hen
Female guinea fowl
463
Guinea Rooster
Male guinea fowl
464
Habituation
Animal’s progressively decreased
| reaction in response to a stimulus
465
Hatchability
Proportion of eggs that hatch out of
| the number that were set in the incubator
466
Hatcher
Machine which artificially incubates eggs
during the last three days of the incubation period,
until the eggs hatch
467
Health
Well-being, emotionally, physically, and
| mentally
468
Heifer
Female bovine prior to first calving
469
Heifer calf
female calf
470
Henny
Infertile offspring of a female donkey and
| male horse
471
Heritability
Proportion of variance amongst
individuals that is attributable to differences in
genetics
472
Hen
Mature female chicken, female turkey (also
| female duck, goose)
473
Hind
Adult female elk
474
Homeotstasis
Effect of mechanisms within the body
which maintain internal environmental conditions
between acceptable standards
475
Homeorhesis
Mechanisms which regulate the
internal environment of the body during times of
physiological change/stress, such as pregnancy or
illness
476
Homeothermic
Animals which are warm-blooded;
can maintain their own body temperature, despite
fluctuations in the external environmental
temperature
477
Hormone
Internal body secretion, carried via the
blood to a specific destination in which it elicits a
specific response
478
Humoral Immunity
Production of highly specific
| antibodies in response to the presence of antigens
479
Hunger
Sensation of requirement of food
480
Hybrid
Describing the offspring of two different
strains or breeds of animals, in which there are
genetic traits present from both of the parents
481
Hybrid Vigor
Degree to which an offspring with a
combination of breed genetics is superior to its noncrossbred
parents
482
Ileum
Third and final section of the small intestine;
| nutrient absorption occurs here
483
Immunoglobulin
Globular protein in the blood
| serum which has antibody properties
484
Impaction
When a tubular structure of the body is
| blocked and passage of materials can not occur
485
Incubator
Machine which artificially incubates eggs
| for 18 days, prior to transfer to the hatcher
486
Inbreeding
Production of offspring by related
| parents
487
Infectious
Capable of causing an infection in the
| body
488
Infundibulum
First section of the oviduct in avian
species, responsible for catching the yolk upon
ovulation; site of fertilization and a degree of sperm
storage
489
Invasiveness
Ability of a foreign agent to spread
from the original site of infiltration of the body of the
organism to the circulatory system
490
Insulin
Hormone secreted by the pancreas;
decreases blood sugar levels by converting glucose
to glycogen for storage
491
Intensive Management
Production system
involving high production input costs; characterized
by many animals being housed in close proximity
492
Ionophore
Molecule which increases the
permeability of a cell membrane to an ion; often
used as a growth promoting agent
493
Isomer
Molecular compound having the same
constituents of composition as another, but the
constituents are found in another formation
494
Isotope
Atoms of which there are more than one
variety, in that the atoms have the same number of
proton but a varying number of neutrons
495
Isthmus
Third section of the oviduct in which shell
| membranes are added to an egg
496
Jejunum
Second and middle section of the small
intestine; has an important role in nutrient
absorption
497
Jenny
Female Donkey
498
Jack
Male donkey
499
Keet
young guinea fowl
500
Kid
Young goat
501
Lactating
When a cow is producing milk
502
Lactational Anestrous
A period of anestrous (either
complete anestrous, or depressed reproductive
ability) resulting from lactating to provide for the
current offspring
503
Lamb
Young sheep (under 1 year of age)
504
Large Intestine
Section of the digestive tract
responsible for absorption of electrolytes and water;
comprised of the cecum, colon, and rectum
505
Lipid
Substances soluble in fat solvents; include fats,
oils, phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins, fatty
acids, and alcohols
506
Luteinizing Hormone
Hormone produced by the
anterior pituitary; responsible for ovulation and
development of the corpus luteum in females and
testosterone production in males
507
Mastitis
Infection of the udder/teats
508
Marbling
Fat in muscle tissue
509
Magnum
Second section of the oviduct, in which the
| albumen portion of the egg is added
510
Mare
female horse
511
Medullary Bone
Bone type unique to avian species;
found in the cortical bone; acts as a calcium source
for eggshell development
512
Metabolism
All biochemical reactions occurring in an
organism which result in a capacity for normal life,
function, and production
513
Metabolite
Substance produced as a result of
| metabolism
514
Metritis
Inflammation of the uterus
515
Molt
Shedding and regrowth of feathers
516
Monogastric
Pertaining to animals with a simple
| stomach; that is, not ruminants
517
Morbidity
Number or proportion of sick animals
518
Mortality
Number or proportion of animal deaths
519
Mule
Non-fertile offspring of a female horse and a
| male donkey
520
Mulesing
Practice of cutting strips of skin in the
proximity of the anus of a sheep, which will deter
the growth of wool, preventing manure build-up and
the resulting fly attraction
521
Mutton
Meat from a sheep that is more than 1 year
| in age
522
Neurohypophysis
Posterior pituitary; releases
| oxytocin
523
Neutral Detergent Fibre
Components of a
feedstuff not solubilized by neutral detergent (i.e. –
hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin – mainly constituents
of plant cell walls)
524
Nitrogen-free extract
Result of proximate analysis
which indicates the proportion in a feed that is
digestible carbohydrates
525
Nutrient
Substance which provides nourishment in a
feed; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins,
minerals
526
Nutraceutical
A nutraceutical is a product isolated or
purified from foods that is generally sold in
medicinal forms not usually associated with foods. A
nutraceutical is demonstrated to have a physiological
benefit or provide protection against chronic disease.
Source: http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/displayafficher.do?id=1171305207040&lang=eng
527
Offal
Trimmings of an animal carcass; often
considered without value as they are not consumed
by humans
528
Omasum
Third compartment in the ruminent
stomach, immediately prior to the abomasums;
reduces particle size and absorbs nutrients
529
Oocyte
Immature egg, not fertilized; made up of
maternal chromosomes and the species-specific
amount of yolk
530
Operant Conditioning
Learning to complete an
| action in order to obtain a reward
531
Ovary
Female gamete-producing organ; responsible
| for follicle production and secretion of sex hormones
532
Oogenesis
Formation, development, and maturation
| of ova
533
Outbreeding
Production of offspring by parents that
| are not related
534
Outcrossing
Production of offspring by parents that
| are not related but are of the same breed
535
Oviduct
In avian species, the transport canal from
the ovary to the cloaca, in which the components of
the egg are added onto the yolk (follicle); in nonavian
species, the transport canal from the ovary to
the uterus
536
Ovine
Pertaining to sheep
537
Oviposition
Laying of a complete egg
538
Ovulation
Release of a follicle from its position on
| the ovary into the oviduct
539
Ovum
Mature gamete of the female
540
Oxytocin
Hormone secreted by the posterior
pituitary that is responsible for milk letdown and
smooth muscle contractions during parturition
541
Pandemic
Disease which affects a large number of
people within a population or across a large
geographical area
542
Passive Immunity
‘Donation’ of temporary
immunity from a resistant animal to a susceptible
one by the administration of developed antibodies
543
Parathyroid hormone
Hormone secreted from the
parathyroid gland; allows calcium extraction from
bone when blood calcium levels are low
544
Parity
Litter of pigs; number denotes the number
| and order of litters had by a sow
545
Parturition
Birth
546
Pathogenic Agent
Factor that has the ability to
| cause disease under certain conditions
547
Pathogenicity
Ability of a pathogenic agent to
infiltrate, infect, and multiply to such a degree so as
to cause disease in an animal
548
Pea chick
Young peacock
549
Pea cock
Male peacock
550
Pea hen
Female peacock
551
Penis
Male reproductive organ; comprised of urethra
and vascularized erectile tissue which are both
responsible for transmitting sperm into the female
vagina
552
Peristalsis
Involuntary contractions of the smooth
muscles lining tube-like structures in an animal’s
body; for example, in the digestive and reproductive
tracts, serving to move fluids, digesta, etc., through
the tube
553
Persistency
Degree to which an animal can maintain
a production curve in the decreasing portion
(especially egg and milk production)
554
Pheromones
Chemicals released by an animal which
| send signals to other animals of that species
555
Photoperiod
The timing in a one day period that
| animals have hours of light and hours of dark
556
Photophase
The hours in a photoperiod that are
| light
557
Photostimulation
The use of increased exposure to
light (day length) in order to stimulate puberty and
production
558
Pigeon Cock
Male Pigeon
559
Pigeon Hen
Female pigeon
560
Piglet
Young pig
561
Pipping
The process by which a chick penetrates the
| air cell and shell at the commencement of hatching
562
Poikilothermic
Pertaining to animals whose body
temperature fluctuates, following the pattern of the
environmental air temperature
563
Polled
Types of cattle that genetically have no horns
564
Porcine
Pertaining to pigs
565
Poulard
Castrated female chicken
566
Poult
Newly-hatched turkey
567
Poultry
A domestic avian species
568
Pre-mix
Prepared mixture of micro-nutrients which
are added to the feed in order to ensure all nutrient
requirements are met in a diet
569
Prion
Infectious agents made of protein, often
occuring in the nervous system causing
Transmissible Spongioform Encephalopathies (TSE)
such as scrapies (sheep) and BSE (cattle).
570
Progesterone
Steroid hormone produced by the
corpus luteum (ovary); maintains pregnancy in
mammals and stimulates ovulation in avian species
571
Prolactin
Released by the anterior pituitary;
| stimulates milk production after parturition
572
Prolapse
When an organ or body part has fallen
from its normal position; for example, vaginal
Prolapse
573
Prostaglandins
Hormone-like substances which
have an important role in physiological reactions
such as blood pressure, reaction to inflammation,
and smooth muscle contraction
574
Prostate Gland
Male reproductive accessory gland;
secretes alkaline fluid which is added to the semen
to aid in transport and survival in the vaginal
environment
575
Proventriculus
Avian equivalent of the true stomach
– that is, it secretes enzymes and acid for feed
breakdown; found between the crop and gizzard
576
Proximal
Anatomical descriptor; indicates the
| location of something relatively close
577
Proximate Analysis
Procedures used to determine
the proportions of protein, lipid, dry matter, ash, and
nitrogen-free extract, from a substance
578
Pullet
Young female chicken under 1 year of age
579
Purine
Double-ringed nucleic acids; adenine and
| guanine
580
Pyrimidine
Single-ringed nucleic acids; cytosine,
| thymine, and uracil
581
Quota
Minimum or maximum amount of an
| agricultural product that is required from a producer
582
Quiviet (Qiviut)
Woolly undercoat of a muskox
583
Radioimmunoassay
Method of quantifying very
small amounts of hormones or drugs by measuring
the binding (or inhibition of binding) of an antibody
attached to a radiolabelled substance
584
Ram
Intact male sheep
585
Ram Lamb
Immature male sheep
586
Ration
Amount of diet to be provided per unit of
| time
587
Rectum
Last section of the large intestine prior to
| the anus; serves as a storage for feces
588
Replacement Heifer
Young female bovine, from the
time she is selected to be bred to the time of first
calving and addition to the regular breeding herd
589
Resistance
Ability of an organism to resist infection
590
Roaster
Large broiler chicken which is meant to be
| cooked whole
591
Reticulum
First section of the ruminant stomach;
| involved in the movement of feed between the rumen, omasum, and esophagus, and in regurgitation of the bolus
592
Rooster/cock
Intact, mature male chicken
593
Roughage
Coarse feed, high in fibre
594
Rumen
Second and largest portion of the ruminant
stomach; the rumen houses populations of
anaerobic micro-organisms which are capable of
degrading complex carbohydrates in order to
synthsize nutrients for use by the animal
595
Ruminant
Animal with a stomach made up of four
| compartments
596
Rumination
Refers to the processes whereby feed is
| regurgitated from the rumen, chewed, and reswallowed
597
Satiety
Sensation of not requiring food; being
| satisfied of food
598
Scours
Diarrhea in young animals, cause by bacterial
infection, changes to or an inappropriate diet, or
environmental factors
599
Selection Differential
Difference between animals
selected to be parents when pursuing the
improvement of a certain trait and the rest of the
flock/herd
600
Serum
Portion of any body fluid which remains after
| the solid components have been removed
601
Sexing
Determining if an offspring is male or female
602
Shell Gland
Section of the oviduct prior to the
vagina; where the shell and shell pigments (if
present) are deposited
603
Silage
Feed preserved by fermentation
604
Single Desk Selling System
Producers sell product
to a single organization, rather than having a choose
a buyer from a market
605
Sire
Paternal parenting unit
606
Snood
Flesh which hangs over the beak on a turkey
607
Somatotropin
Secreted by the anterior pituitary;
| stimulates growth
608
Sow
Female pig who has farrowed at least once
609
Spent Fowl
Reproductive chicken stock after the end
| of one laying cycle
610
Spermatogenesis
Formation, development, and
| maturation of sperm in the testis
611
Squab
Young Pigeon
612
Stag
Cockerel immediately prior to sexual maturity or an intact male deer
613
Stallion/Stud
An intact male horse
614
Starter
Ration for very young animals
615
Steer
Castrated male bovine
616
Stereotypy
Abnormal behaviour originating from a
| frustrated natural behaviour
617
Stigma
Line of ovulation in the outer covering of a
| follicle that is devoid of vascularization
618
Stomach
Section of the digestive tract between the
esophagus and small intestine; portion in which
chemical degradation occurs on ingested feeds;
animals with a single stomach compartment are
monogastric, animals with four compartments are
ruminants
619
Stress
Any factors which reduce an animal’s
resistance to disease, growth, or production
Eustress – Positive strees
Distress – Negative stress
Cumulative stress – Prolonged effects of stresses
620
Supply Management
Marketing system used to
regulate the supply of agricultural product to the
public, thereby maintaining a degree of stability in
price for the consumer and demand for the
producer. This system is administered through
quotas, either maximal or minimal, and applies
especially to milk and all poultry products.
621
Teaser
Ram used for stimulating ewes to enter heat,
or to detect ewes that are in heat; ram is usually
incapable of breeding to prevent accidental mating
622
Terminal Cross
Production of offspring which are all
intended for the commercial market, and not for
replacement/breeding
623
Testis (pl. testes)
Male gamete-producing organ;
responsible for the production of sperm and male
sex hormones. The majority of the testis is
comprised of seminiferous tubules, the site of sperm
production
624
Testosterone
Steroid hormone secreted by the
testis (one of a group of androgens – male sex
steroids); encourages sperm production, controls
accessory sex organs and secondary sex
characteristics
625
Three ‘R’s
Goals established with the intent of
improving the use of animals in research:
Reduction – of the number of animals used
Refinement – of research techniques
Replacement – of test animals with other methods
of research
626
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Released from the
anterior pituitary; regulates production of hormones
by the thyroid gland
627
Thyroxin (T4)
Hormone produced by the thyroid
gland; contains iodine; aids in regulating cell
metabolism
628
Tom
Male turkey
629
Trabecular Bone
Internal matrix of bone; primarily
| for structural support
630
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Hormone produced by the
thyroid gland; contains iodine; effect is similar to
that of thyroxin, but is produced in smaller amounts
and has a briefer effect
631
True Digestibility
Digestibility of a feed when
| accounting for endogenous materials in the feces
632
True Protein
Crude Protein minus non-protein nitrogen (amino acids, DNA, etc.)
633
Total Digestible Nutrients
Proportion of a ration that is utilizable by the animal
634
Utero-vaginal Junction
In avian species, the section where the shell gland joins the vagina; the site of the sperm storage tubules
635
Ungulate
Herbivorous, four-legged, hoofed animals
636
Vaccine
Injection of modified or live pathogens;
encourages antibody production or immunity when
the same pathogen is encountered by the animal
again
637
Vagina
In avian species, the section of the oviduct
| immediately prior to the cloaca
638
Vas Deferens
Muscular tube of the male reproductive system which transports sperm from the vas deferens to the urethra at the time of ejaculation
639
Vector
Carrier of disease from an infected organism
| to a non-infected organism
640
Vent
Opening of the cloaca, allowing reproductive
and digestive products to reach the outside of the
body
641
Ventral
Aspect away from the spine; ‘front’ of a
| bipedal animal, the lower half of a quadruped
642
Vesicular Glands/Seminal Vesicles
Male reproductive accessory gland; adds an alkali
| secretion which includes fructose to the sperm
643
Virulence
Degree to which an infectious organism is
| able to cause disease
644
Viscera
Internal organs of an animal
645
Wattles
Flaps of flesh hanging from the bottom of
| the beak in chickens and turkeys
646
Weaning
Decreasing the offspring’s dependence on
the dam for milk, until the offspring is capable of
consuming a diet entirely void of maternal mil
647
Wether
Castrated male sheep
648
Yearling
Calf or lamb between 1 and 2 years old
649
Zoonotic Disease
Disease capable of being transmitted from animals to humans
650
Zygote
Diploid cell formed upon syngamy of male and female gametes
