Important AP documents

Question 1

Declaration of Independence

Answer 1

Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson

Proclaims colonies’ separation from Great Britain.
Asserts equality and unalienable rights - life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
Governments derive power from consent of the governed (social contract).

Question 2

The Articles of Confederation

Answer 2

First U.S. constitution.

Established weak central government.
Only 1 branch of government (no executive branch or national courts)
13/13 to amend, 9/13 to pass a law
1 vote per state
National government couldn’t regulate interstate commerce
States could coin their own money
No power to tax
No standing government
Most powers reserved to states; challenges in effective governance.

Question 3

Federalist #10

Answer 3

Discusses dangers of factionalism.
Advocates for a large republic to control factions.
Arguing a diverse republic prevents single-faction domination.
When there’s a large republic, the power of individual factions is diluted leading to the good-of-all instead of just one group.
(could argue with this document when opposing democracy).

Question 4

Federalist #51

Answer 4

Discusses checks and balances.
Emphasizes separation of powers.
Each branch should have distinct powers to prevent overreach.
(could use this document when talking about any two or more branches)

Question 5

Federalist #70

Answer 5

Defends the necessity of a strong executive branch.
Argues for an energetic executive for effective governance.
Highlights importance of quick decision-making in crises

Question 6

Federalist #78

Answer 6

Discusses the judicial branch and its role.
Argues that the judicial branch isn’t the most important branch of the government.
Importance of judicial review to check legislative and executive powers.

Question 7

Brutus I

Answer 7

Anti-Federalist paper against Constitution ratification.
Concerned about centralized power.
Worries about loss of individual liberties.

Question 8

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail” by MLK Jr.

Answer 8

Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment supported and motivated social movements.

Defense of nonviolent resistance against racial segregation.
Responds to criticisms from white clergymen.
Emphasizes the moral imperative of fighting for civil rights.