Important Lecture Material not about readings Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
stats on mental neurological disorders
A
low (ish) mortality 3rd Highest percent DALYs aka high morbidity
2
Q
distribution of psychiatrists
A
low in Africa and China low in China bc mao believed it was a pretentious thing
3
Q
“schizophrenia” in Japan
A
translation is split mind disease is split mind disease really the same as schizophrenia? is this disorder really the same for westerners and japanese?
4
Q
critiques of DSM
A
medicalization of homosexuality gender dysmorphia diagnostic inflation DSM 5 has: “Hypoactive sexual desire disorder” and “Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder question of which comes first, the drug or the disorder
5
Q
DSM “gender dysmorphia” means…
A
what we would call transgender- in order to get health insurance to cover sexual reassignment surgery you need to put transgender in the DSM- why is a psychiatrist the one who decides whether transgender should be covered in a specific case-
6
Q
sarafem
A
essentially prozac but its targetted at women to treat PMS/PMDD Something like Prozac can treat these conditions but paying 60$/month for a new condition when Prozac only costed 5/month
7
Q
Martin
A
cultural valorization of mania (which occurs in bipolar often) mania of guys on Wall Street who work crazy hours aren’t seen as crazy, irrational or out of control while a hoarder is
-also did stuff in reproductive health
8
Q
percent of resident physicians unprepared to deal with cross cultural issues
A
at least 1/5 are uncomfortable treating these issues
9
Q
susto
A
when a Latino immigrant presents with Susto/soul loss- is labeling with anxiety adequate or is it not the same defined as “fright” or “soul loss” symptoms: sleeplessness, restlessness, depression, loss of appetite, lack of interest in personal hygiene treatment in Latino culture: traditional folk healing
10
Q
Amafufunyana
A
in South Africa it is essentially schizophrenia/multipersonality disorder hysteria associated with spirit possession afflicts marginalized people/groups esp during times of social change treatment:excorcism ritual
11
Q
cross-cultural psychiatry
A
first formulated in 1970s and 1980s by Arthur Kleinman first formulated in 1970s and 1980s by Arthur Kleinman Kleinman thinks the names of our psychiatric conditions are culture bound and may cause harm if diagnosed in a certain way
12
Q
what does cross-cultural psychiatry do?
A
psychological processes are embedded in social worlds need to rethink relationships between culture, biology, and healthcare understanding the sometimes negative effects of posing psychiatric categories as universal and biological does psychology only reside within the individual “mind” – or is psychological reality produced in discourse?
13
Q
discursive psychiatry
A
the construction of meaning -not just definition or word, the meaning of something exists in the brain
14
Q
Lakoff
A
globalization of western psychiatry need to think about how to diagnose and treat in the context of modernization, etc
15
Q
Sapolsky
A
why zebras don’t get ulcers: Zebras don’t get stomach ulcers because they’re not stressed out Need stress to deal with certain things in a savanna which drive us to a fight or flight which bring us to evolve
its the high stress low reward thats worse for us biologically
16
Q
Whitehall 1
A
1967-18000 men all different social classes and professions of different levels
all had access to equal levels of healthcare
result: 2x higher mortality rate in lower grade employment ranks risk factors do not account for the majority of this difference
17
Q
Whitehall 2
A
1985- 10000 men and women focus on work stress and health
highest likelihood of coronary heart disease in those with lowest job control
low social support at work–>higher liklihood of poor mental health
highest liklihood to develop CHD in jobs with high effort and low reward
issues of job insecurity in women lead to concrete biological issues
18
Q
impacts of whitehall
A
dispelled myth of the overworked high income individual getting heart disease
it is the low income people with high job insecurity
access to healthcare does not mean health equality
dynamic relationships between social environment, physiology, and psychology
19
Q
hot-cold classification of food among a new york puerto ricans
A
occurs among some new york puerto ricans, USA where hot foods includ tobacco and alcohol and coffee and chocolate etc,
cool foods are honey, raisins, watercress etc,;
cold foods are bananas lima beans, sugar, coconut etc
20
Q
hot-cold classification of food among some Asians in UK
A
they only have hot and cold classifications where
hot=fish, chicken, carrots, radish, garlic etc
cold=rice, plantains, peas, bananas etc.
21
Q
proportion of children under 5 who are underweight
where are they most prevalent?
A
southern asia with 48% of kids under 5 underweight as of 2007
26% of children under 5 in developing world are underweight as of 2007
22
Q
angles of problematization of drug culture
A
moral models
criminalization
spiritual/disease model
disease model
public health model
political and economic models
socio cultural models
23
Q
angle of problematization-drugs:
moral model
A
involves family, seen as a vice and temperance can occur
ex-prohibition of alc and tobacco in 20s
opposition only because these drugs “ruin families”
24
Q
angle of problematization-drugs:
criminalization
A
tough on crime
law and order
25
angle of problematization-drugs:
spirtual/disease model
ex: Alcoholics Anonymous
in the 30s alcoholics believe they have an internal incurable sickness
26
angle of problematization-drugs:
disease model
ex: alcoholism as a brain disease --requires treatment but not necessarily curable
medicalization
27
angle of problematization-drugs:
public health model
treatment, prevention,education
foccusses on intervention and treatment
28
angle of problematization-drugs:
political and economic models
rates of use correlate w/ poverty, unemployment and marginalization
dif drugs thrive in dif social groups-all groups are using
29
we are all illegals
idea is to destigmatize what it means to say someone is illegal-everyone does something illegal even if its just running a stop sign
30
reason behind opiate/heroin illegalization
because of chinese exclusion-gov wants to arrest and run chinese off property (similar perhaps to illegalization of other drugs?)
31
cocaine
used to be put in pain relievers and coca-cola
then it became seen as a drug that ruins families and shit
32
prohibition
occured primarily through push of moral model
"help the mom the keep the kid pure"-slogan to vote against the sale of liquor
mother and children mobilize around movement
domestication pub policy
then prohibition ends
33
"the strange mexican weed"
weed becomes illegal at the same time that it was problematized as a Mexican drug
34
drug war
officially begins in the 70s by traces back to racism and exclusion which was occuring in 30s
just another way to target certain parts of the population
Nixon was the one to declare the war on drugs
35
drug addiction and spending
us drug addiction rate has been releatively constant since the 70s yet our spending on drug control has skyrocketted to 1.5 trillion as of 2010
36
incarceration
who is incarcerated?
1/10 people incarcerated in THE WORLD are Black American men
37
Michelle Alexander-The New Jim Crow
argument is that mass incarceration that took off in the 70s doesn't really havea public health role but simply recodes racism as an issue of crime
shift from "race" as focus of segregation and discrim. to "crim"
it becomes okay to punish someone for a crimeven though that crime has become racialized
crime and drug use rates have declined or stayed same but incarceration has soared
80% of black men in Chicago have a criminal record
felons are disenfranchised and suffer in labor and housing markets and cant get welfare or food stamps--driven to steal so they end up back in jail
70% of prisioners return within 3 years
38
Nixon 1968
response to street riotos is to be tough on crime
"nixon for law and order"
39
Reagan and Drug history
used to make tons of money off of selling and advertising cigs but once in office he starts policing **marijuana and cocaine**
what is he really against here?
40
Just Say No/DARE
efficacy
DARE- stands for drug abuse resistance and education
just say no doesn't work and education doesn't really help
41
Crack cocaine
and crack babies
problematization of the crack babies and kids born to crack moms
seen as huge issue
kids are born to crack moms but this was actually pretty rare
parents were incarcerated-this doesn't help the problem (if it even ever was one)
42
incarceration rates and correlations (that may say why there's an increase)
they have sky rocketted
started to really pick up when Nixon declared war on drugs in 1971
1984 Sentencing Reform Act
43
prisoners and private prisons
also huge increase in amount of people in private prisons
private prisons owned by corporations w stocks being traded
investors want a return so they want more prisoners
they are making money off arrests
there has been a huge increase in lobbying in the 5 past election cycles
44
crack vs cocaine arrests
prison sentence for crack is average of 3 years longer than for powdered cocaine
crack is possibly worse for you but its also seen as a black drug while coke is a white drug
coke is suburban and expensive
45
faces of meth
linnemann talks about how the campaign:
## Footnote
uses fear as detterent (not necessarily effective)
focus on crime (mug shots)
no stats or context of how it effects life
invites people to participate in ongoing spectacle of white trash
moralization of drug use (why would someone ever do THAT to themselves)
46
effects of the drug trade
and our 'war on drugs' in latin america
as Zirnite mentions in article--
## Footnote
no proof that policies limit the international drug trade
only evidence of increased violence in Latin America
support dicatatorships and human rights abusers
why do we focus on supply rather than demand and treatment?
47
adderall
20-30% of college students abuse it
no one is ever arrested for dealing or abusing
48
tobacco and DALYs
leading source of DALYs in US
booming form of consumption esp in China, Japan, Russia India
49
tobacco crisis
over?
how many deaths caused by tobacco?
def not over
1 million deaths in 20th century and will be 1 billion in this century
50
Trans-Pacific Partnership-
Tobacco
tobacco is in the TPP because it was believed that senate wouldn't pass it but if they do we can make money off of it
it has increased the Tobacco consumption in places with low regulation
51
King James and Tobacco
believed it was horrible and a cause to the scurvy and sacrilegious
52
US Cig Consumptions
peaked in the 1960s with about 4000 cigs per capita per year
53
cig advertisement
tobacco ads boomstarting in 20s
only industry that causes harm when used as intended
ads targetted women by playing on the flapper movement
cigs as "sexy"
use doctors and physicians to help advertise (this works)
marketted as the one thats best for you is ___ brand
ads that give consumer power-its your choice for your throat and your tastes
54
Frank Statement
1953
made by the tobacco institute
- we see health as a responsibility and consider it in our business
- we believe that the products arent bad for your health
- we cooperate with those whose task it is to safeguard health
55
Tobacco institute 1954
1-no conclusive proof of link between smoking and cancer
2-med research points to many possible causes of cancer
3-those who smoke can be assured that every means will be used to get all facts ASAP
it is a response to wydners findings that tar is carcinigenic
this shows a history of CORPORATE MALFEASANCE AND NEGLIGENCE
notes from inside show that they know what they were doing wrong
(their own notes say cigs are cancer causing, cancer promoting, poisonous but pleasurable and flavorful)
56
Ernst Wynder findings
1950
1- lung cance in non smokers is rare but possible
2-cig use much higher among lung cancer cases
3-cancer rates consistent across men and women
4-correlation between increase in cig use in US and increase in lung cancer in US
5-impact of tobacco tars in mice (prev. of 44% after just 1 year)
6- analysis of tar shows toxins such as arsenic and other toxins
critiqued for his study being retrospective
all this was the cse in the 50s
57
Doll and Hill
40,000 doctors over 20 years
found that risk of developing the disase increases in proportion to the amount smoked
CANNOT prove this on an INDIVIDUAL SCALE
58
smoking rates in doctors vs reg people
physician smoking from 60%-\>40% in 1959
doctor somking less that 20% by 1970, and about 5% in 2010
everyone else the smoking rate remains about 40% into the 80s-prob because quitting ais hard and marketting isn't prohibitted
59
taxes and smoking
as taxes on cigs go up sales go down
shows that people who smoke don't really want to smoke or else they would be more willing to splurge?
but even with high tax theres still millions of tobacco related deaths per year
60
phillip morris consumption internationally and globally
profits are continuing to increase globally-theres tons of export
decreasing profits in US
61
FCTC
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
success and failures
this is a global treaty
tobacco is a massive and global economy that we need to attack globally
62
key provisions of framework convention on tobacco control
- taxes
- public smoking bans
- large health warning labels
- ban on terms such as "light" "low tar" or "mild"
strong pub ed
restrictions on youth marketing
63
corporate paternalism and harmful products
Benson article
corporate paternalistic thing is that they want to help by looking at youth and education and family and youth and what tobacco does there
this is proven ineffective
Tobacco companies (Phillip Morris USA) focusses on education for this reason exactly.
what we should be doing is having a heated debate about the industry itself and we should impose taxes because we know this works
64
Margaret Lock
research in menopause and cultural views around it
wrote: encounters with againg
65
menopause history and cultural views around menopause
premodern period: thought to *cause* disease
now: seen as disease itself
medical view: much disagreement around symptoms and causes of menopause
in Japan menopause is seen as gaining wisdom (when you lose libido)
menopause associated w losing hormones and femininity in US
66
why breast cancer rates go down?
many believe this is due to sharp decreases in menopausal hormonal use
67
Birth Cultures
Cecil Helman basically says that
birth cultures are an **inherited system of belief** that informs members of society about everything birth related (conception, procreation, childbearing, pregnancy and labor, pre- and post- natal behavior)
68
Faye D Ginsberg
Abortion Debate
shes not trying to take sides but shes just saying that abortion and politics of abortion are complicated
there are complicated politics of viability and what it means to be a good mother
presents the debates around these issues
69
midwife in mayan culture
one of the most important roles you can have in mayan culture
midwife ends up taking care of kids and giving health
sorta act as a social health worker in a way
-this is where Farmer gets his accompaniment model
traditional societies have med. pluralism and accompaniment
70
wuqu' kawoq
partially funded by NIH
it is a maya health alliance in guatemala
helps work with midwives to get children nutrition so they get what they need in order to grow
guatemala has v high rates of stunting (short and low weight)
71
mani+
look up what mani+ actually is
i think it can be a nutrition plan for Guatemalan kids to get nutrition so that there's less stunting?
works with midwives?
72
nancy sheper hughes- 'death without weeping'
about whether mothers mourn for death of child
there is no intrinsic motherly instinct
mothers in resource poor areas shift resources to kid they see as most viable based on perceptions of likliness to succeed (could be something like intelligence or something like skin color)
73
why do poor low-caste women in south india deman childbirth with labor-inducing drugs while refusing anesthesia
b/c of vali- tamil word for pain or ache but it also means strength and force
mothe supposed to be sacrificial, and willing to put herself in pain, and good at reproducing
power of motherhood associated with womans ability to suffer nobly the pain of birth, this ability is known as sakti and is regenerative
74
vali
tamil word meaning pain or ache and strength/force
want vali when giving birth, invoke with labor inducing drugs
75
sakti
tamil word
regenerative power associated with womans ability to suffer nobly the pain of birth
important in womans self conception of powers of motherhood
76
western birth culture
- shift away from midwives as we move away from post-war decades
- imparts the message to women that technology is supreme and you are utterly dependent on it and on the institutions which supply it etc.
- there are complex and differing experiences of mothers
77
Amniocentesis
genetic testing to see if kid has genetic disorder
78
rapp
studied hundreds of patients nurses doctors and conucelors in NYC
tryna see their beliefs about what makes a good parent
moral status of fetus (abortion)
whether ameostisis is okay etc.
"social construction of a diagnostic fact"
79
south korea abortions and miscarriages through the years
abortions went up in 70s when you could test gender
girls not wanted
miscarriages have gone up more recently
80
why have miscarriages gone up in south korea?
shift to industrialization and full public ed b/c women having full ed and getting jobs--\>later age of conception--\>more risk for miscarriage
increased age at marriage and time of conception
81
infant mortality rate in US
US infant mortality rate is alarmingly high
.685%
important b'c this rate tells us about situation in general because it gives attenition to all systems of health
all health systems relevant when you're talking about infant mortality
4th worst of all developped countries
the worst is lithuania
82
most common causes of infant mortality
congenital malformations
disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight
sudden infant death syndrome
there is lots of disparity among races-MUCH higher rate of infant mortality in black american children than white ones
83
main reason for why much higher infant mortality among african americans
low birth weight
caused primarily by smoking (dispropotionately affects people)
access to healthcare
84
benson's thoughts on vaping nicotine (as compared to smoking)
this is a way in which nicotine itself is used to quit smoking nicotine
vaping is safer but its purpose is mostly to quit nicotine
85
Benson's thoughts on quitting smoking
you should prob just quit cold turkey instead of vaping or anythign else
there are finanacial interests for pharma and tobacco industry in promoting non-cold-turkey methods
86
DALYs and how money is allocatted to treating things with high DALYs
now the $ matches proportion of DALYs but is that money effective?
should be put into prevention not treatment
87
issue of consumerism (according to Benson)
issues caused by consumption are the most pervasive and important issues (Cancer/tobacco)
consumerism--\> high mass consumption
the purpose of the bietnam war was essentially to open it up to trade of coca-cola and marlboro (free market, high mass consumption--both of these consumption types are harmful)
88
Benson: does development work?
don't focus on consumer society when we know consumerism causes diesase
under-development doesn't hav consumption related disease
89
occupational health
health related to worklace environment
90
upton sinclair
'The Jungle'
expose of chicago meat packing and slaughter house
culture of unsanitary processes led to eventual formation of FDA which looks at safety and efficacy
91
asbestos
prohibitted
rapid increase during and after ww2
risk occurs when asbestos is disturbed or attempted to remove
associated with lung cancer as of 1930s and the 1960s
United States Toxic Substaces Control Act of 1976--\>prohibition of asbestos
92
death from asbestos
on the rise
much more common in men
CRAZY high mortality with lung cancer if asbestos and cig smoking
93
national environmental health policy act of 1969
created the Environmental protection agency (EPA)
--\> Clean water act of 1977 which regulates air and water pollution
94
lead
most old houses have lead paint
used to stabilize petroleum products like paint and plastic
risky to remobe the paint
if you live in older homes more likely to suffer from asbestos and lead
95
lead abatement and prohibiton
unleaded gas
none in plastic or paint
removal from old homes in case of child occupancy
96
motor vehicle incidents in US
most common injury-cuase of death worldwide
50% of brain and spinal cord injury
leading cause of death in ages 1-24 in world and US
prevention (like seat belts)
97
minimata disease
minimata, japan
1968 exposure to mercury b/c of industrial dumpint
1000 deaths due to accute poisoning
98
love canal
chemical dumping in love canal (essentially niagra falls NY)
leads to excess low birth weights
developmental disorders
54% of children had at least 1 birth defect (1976)
99
three mile island
in PA
contamination of radioactive chemicals
leak radiation
billions in cleanup cost
not clear if it actually caused any human deaths or harm
social concern about nuclear energy
100
petryna
life exposed
idea of biological citezenship=making a claim on the state on the grougns of damaged biology
she studied relationships of ukrainians to societ state
ukranians petitioned for toxic wase clean up and state compensation after Chernoybl (catastrophic nuclear spill in ukraine 1986ish?)
there is huge radiation problem and environmental health issues
101
fukushima
after melt down in Japan of the Fukushima Plant there is a nuclear fallout map
basically creates line of how much radiation is necessary to deserve compensation
102
second hand smoke
Ralph Nader advocated on behalf of stewardesses he believed were dealing with occupational hazard of second hand smoke because part of their job (into the 70s) was to light peolple cigarettes
study in early 80s in Japan shows women exposed to second hand smoke has much greater risk to smoking related issues
study gave rise to Clean Indoor AIr Legislation
legislation gives anti-tobacco industry a leg up
103
radon and tobacco smoke
two leading causes of lung cancer
15% of homes have radon level above EPA threshold
multiplicative risk of lung cancer is 40 when radon is co0occuring with tobacco
104
global deaths attributable 20 leading risk factors
one is air pollution-why is this important
much of developping word cooks with fossil fuels in the house
this leads to death
air pollutions from solid fuels is the 5th highest risk factor in global deaths as of 2010
105
fordism
used to refer to assebly line maufacturing
henry ford pioneered the process
106
107
stem cell laws in China
they are very loose laws which leads to medical tourism.
people want to go there to take advantage of these laws
108
biosociality
concept by rabinow
idea is that you have a biological disorder in common with another
or any biological similarity
109
BiDil
treatment for heart disease targetted solely at African Americans
heart disease as racialized
a form of biosociality?
110
A-HeFT in 2004
African American Heart Failure Trial
trial led to approval of BiDil in 2005 to treat African American heart disease
this medicalizes race as a biological aspect (race isn't biological)
BUT it showed some positive outcomes
111
best sellin drugs in the world are ones \_\_\_\_\_\_
that are successful in Global North
none of these drugs really treat IDs that we see prevalent in Global South (except Hep C)
112
sales of lifestyle drugs like testosterone
increasing
low testosterone sorta just medicalizes aging and is a way of marketting a drug for depression
low testosterone prob a euphemism for depression in men
113
female viagra
addyi
its basically an anti depressant
viagra normally increases blood flow in men
114
simliar mechanism of action
SMOA
majority of new drug launches have SMOA to pre-existing drugs
this means the "new drugs" are basically just old drugs marketted differently
this means a lot less break throughs
115
opdivo
promises longer life for those with lung cancer
in this case longer life means 3 months...
116
impression of drug effectiveness
usually inflated because unfavorable studies are not published
117
effects of corporatized medical research
leads to incentive to make drugs that affluent people can purchase
incentive to use Me-Too drugs because we already know they're effective
118
why are drugs so expensive?
- why are they said to be?
- why are they actually?
research by Light
said to be expensive bc the need to be in order to develop new drugs for the poor
actually expensive becasue med research is corporatized and shareholders and affluent and are looking for a return
pressure and incentives lead drug companies to develop drugs for affluent consumers not worlds poor
119
Petryna 'when experiments travel'
medical drug research and ethics
experiments usually done in SE Asia, india and other treatment naice populations
often serious risk with these new drugs and those who are being used to test new drug dont have access to healthcare so can't really dealwith the serious side effects
not really ethical to give a mother with HIV a placebo when testing a new HIV drug bc we have an existing effective drug for HIV
subjects prob won't have access to drug once study is over
120
pharmaceuticalization of public health (HIV in Brazil)
as Biehl points out
- focus should be on prevention not delivery of ART as it usually is
- testing should be done of those exposed to pharmas regualrly and ready to take on long-term treatment
not those that are treatment naive
121
Biehl-Will to Live
his critique and affirmation of HIV in Brazil (?)
there is a focus on reality and the human and the truth of their circumstaces
critique on mentality of "just get the drugs out"
this book has photos and stories of brazilians with HIV/AIDS
122
night and fog
architectural styles of nazi camps
"built like a grand hotel"
very normal
needed: contractors, estimates, competitive offers and friends in high places in order to build these
any style will do (swiss, garage, japanese model, no style at all)
looks completely ordinary
incinerator looks like an ordinary block
only dif is ceilings are torn up by fingernails
gas chamber architecture looks like shower room and "welcomes" the arrivals
123
US allocation of foreign aid money
the 10 least developped countries on earth get a TINY amount of aid from US as compared to the US aid for develloped country
aka US gives more aid to more developped countries than to less developed countries(aside from ethiopia which acually gets a fair amount of aid and is not very developed)
spending related to geo politics
124
development aids by US to foreign countries
citezens think we give A TON more aid thna we actually do
development measures are driven by private institutions
125
what does development mean...
health globally linked to poverty
development that this pushes for is making the American dream feasible for all countries
this means high consumerism--\> high mass consumption
does 'development' really help then?
126
Rostow
one of the most important americans of 20th century
created idea of development
told these ideas to Kennedy and Johnson
Vietnam War-supposed to be the model for how of constructing a developed country and open up to consumerism (specifically of coca-cola and cigs)
made "development paradigm" 5 steps
127
rostow development paradigm
1. there is the **tradition** of the native local culture
2. there is **pre-take off** where the society begins to manufacture and has a more national/international outlook
3. **take off** short period of industrialization boom
4. **drive to maturity** long period of time, as standards of living rise, use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies
5. **age of high mass consumption** economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism (considered "developed")
128
development in Vietnam (stages)
first there was independence from colonization (from France)
the Cold War (where Soviet Union and US try to develop and foster economic systems)
1980s-2000s neoliberalism (prison system grows; health and security systems shrink;gov wont help you as much anymore)
free-trade, privitazion of resources (can have negative effects)
rise of NGOs
"post-development"
129
Ferguson and the "anti-politics machine"
looks at lesotho (a region of south africa)
which is framed as untouched and traditional despite prior colonization and it having all the aspects of economy and society that we have (it just looks really different for them, looks less developed and "untouched" even though it obviously isnt)
this view tend to strip history from the context and location
and tends to look at places which may appear underdeveloped as stagnant and unable to be developed
130
modern economic developments which DID touch Lesotho prior to 1966 (when it gained independence)
- introduction to money economy
- became a market for Western commodities
- plough agricultre and new cash crops
- modern colonial state administration
- national elite
- migrant labor system (it became a labor reserve for South African economy)
clearly it is modern and was touched (contrary to popular belief)
131
the anti politics machine (mechanism/implications)
present=baseline (no history)
underdeveloped places seem intrinsically and forever poor
neglects the notion that underdevelopment often is in tandem with over development
emphasize the idea that poor need more tech and intervention from Global North
this type of intervention is the new-colonial era
132
gloria steinem
in Zambia poor women move to the city to sex traffic in order to pay for their kids to go to school
way to prevent this (by her model) is to creat electric fences so that the women can grow maize and not have it trampled by animal (like elehants)
this sorta operates on the anti-politics machine notion
she is not considering the infrastructure or the colonialization (maize isn't even native to Zambia)
the fence works though-does history not matter if the technology works?
133
critique and affirmation of development and growth (since the 60s)
global economic growth 30x bigger since 1960s
50% more school enrollment
increased life expectancy of 15 years
wealthiest quintile is 75 times riher than poorest compared to the 60s
200 people have 50% of all wealth
134
arturo escobar (on development)
development is based on outsider assumptions and models
need alternative models of what is good
indigienous people should be listened to
development is a problem when it fails and when it succeeds bc it leads to high mass consumption which foster diseases like diabetes and cancer
135
factors in post-development
NGOs
microfinance
accompaniment
"corporate social responsibility"
136
corporate social responsibility campaigns
like a more eco friendly plastic water bottle campaign
it mobilizes things which arent good for us
like petroleum just to contail water, a natural resource
137
microfinance
originated in bangladesh and india in the 80s
the focus is on empowering women through small loans
success stories have over 90% repayment rates
138
Muhammad Yunus
banker to the poor (his book)
top-down, cold war style development doesnt work and widens wealth gap
he thinks microloans are a far better way to go
leads to a surge in tiny loans
139
kiva
microloan place
motto is "loans that change lives"
places are constructed as under-banked
adds an emotional aspect to who you are giving money to
you can monitior peoples payback
140
big banks and micro finance
often have very high interst rates which is taking advantage of microlenders who are not successful and making money off of them
locals sometimes respond with protests for more regulation of microlending
141
critiques of micro finance
increased micro-lending accompanied by cuts in public health, welfare and education
loans often used for sickness and education and therefore cant be repaid
--\>increased dowries
class stratificaiton and genered hostilities
stigmatization of the poor who can't pay back and are locked out of any further micro-borrowing
emphasizes individual success not broad or infrastructure based
142
idea of the development gift being somewhat problematic
stirrat
money sometimes doesn't go where its intended or misconstures the issues
etc
143
144
RGH and Alma-Ata and PHC
alma-ata (1978) is health for all by 2000s
mobilized PHC movement
clearly didn't achieve goal but RGH takes on this model of what GH should be
infrastructures and structures should be fixed and magic bullets should be avoided
145
DALYs caused by cancer in developing countries (percentage)
80%
only 5% of global resource and clinical capacity is found there
146
changing context of global health
mcmichael and beaglehole
changing toward more holistic idea of health (more robust)
but theres also a focus on technology and globalization which has consequences
147
concepts we get from Foucault
biopower and problematization
148
biopower
when the government wants to foster life and makes decisions for yoy
it started in 1800s
both the holocaust and the accompaniment model comes out of biopower (can be good or bad)
149
problematization
what happens when we decide to enact biopower in a certain way
when we do this we are problematizing an issue
150
who is responsible for things happening?
what does this mean for us as citezens and our society and humanity?
if theres not metaphysics of evil than people are responsible for doing harm
this is dangerous but also means more can be done to fix issuees
we want to do good but are often responsible for danger and disregard
151
one cant prove that God doesn't exist, but science makes God unnecessary
ultimate goal of science and math and sociology, psychology etc is a thoery of everything
something that explains everything
we want a map of everything (according to Borges fiction)
simulation of the world is reality in itself
this is anti-creationism
152
"it is not as just as the kindness that instigates it is good"
levinas
"it"=society
idea that there is something lacking in society
kindness is what instigates society
humans aren't evil but are vulnerable
vulnerability unites humanity
a strive for justice is why we need democracy
153
according to Levinas, is humanity/are humans evil
NO
154
Where is food seen as medicinal?
NY puerto ricans
Asians in UK
these two are the examples but can perhaps be applied more broadly
chinese culture has concept of hot and cold for the balances and imbalances in the body
155
america and nutrition level
is a wealthy society yet has malnutrition in wealthy areas and obesity in poor areas
duality
this is due to the set-up of our economy
156
abdel omran's Epidemiological Transition
1971
there is a shift in disease pattern as society trasitions and develops
shift from ID to chronic diseases
this means there is a shift in the age of mortality from younger to the older
157
nutritional transition
caused by economic development
this economic development --\>higher incomes and overall urbanization
which in turn led to: things that are seditary on the incline, more eating away from home, cheaper vegetable oil, more exposure to mass media
these in turn led to dietary changes and more food intake, less physical activity which of course led to OBESITY
158
why does economic development lead to lower life expectancies in case of US?
(in 2000s)
because of lifestyle shift of more seditary and more fast food/takeout
b/c we subsidize forms of nutrition which tend to be bad for you- fatty meat and corn products
159
when did the increase in overweight people and obese people begin?
1976-1980
160
developing countries and food growth sales
very rapid in Western style food outlets like supermarkets and fast food
161
risk factors for diesease in Pakistan
tobacco use
high blood pressure
low fruit and vegetable intake
162
trends of the distribution of heart disease and diabetes in US
locations where most prevalent
SE US
like "the south" is the worst
east generally worse than west
colorado and montana are really good
163
Michelle Obama and nutrition and healt
created lets move campaign
affirmation: subsidizing veggies and fruit,
critique: depoliticalized food (made it about consumer choice without regards to access and branding etc.)
excercise is emphasized
164
federal food subsidies vs actual reccommendations about what to eat
dont match up at all
meat and dairy are most subsidized but not most important in diet
vegetables are second most important and a teeeeeny % is subsidized
