Important People - Midterm Exam

Question 1

Socrates & Plato

Answer 1

Mind separable from body; mind is innate.

Question 2

Aristotle

Answer 2

Thought things learned through observation; mind is not innate.

Question 3

Francis Bacon

Answer 3

Empiricism; scientific method; mind is innate.

Question 4

Charles Darwin

Answer 4

Evolution.

Question 5

Rene Descartes

Answer 5

“Animal spirits.”

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

“Tabula rasa.”

Question 7

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 7

Created first ever psychology lab; structuralism.

Question 8

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 8

Functionalism.

Question 9

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 9

Structuralism.

Question 10

William James

Answer 10

Functionalism; perception to function in environment.

Question 11

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 11

First female president of the APA; was not able to get her degree from Harvard University.

Question 12

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 12

First woman ever to get a psychology degree.

Question 13

Wilder Penfield

Answer 13

Neurosurgeon; mapped out the motor cortex.

Question 14

Paul Broca

Answer 14

Found Broca’s Area - part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles, language, and speech.

Question 15

Carl Wernicke

Answer 15

Found Wernicke’s Area - left area of temporal lobe involved in language and understanding.

Question 16

Roger Sperry

Answer 16

Studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions.

Question 17

Michael Gazzaniga

Answer 17

Helped with the understanding of lateralization; studied split brain patients - show how the two hemispheres of the brain work together.

Question 18

Gustav Fechner

Answer 18

German psychologist; studied our awareness of faint stimuli and labeled them absolute thresholds.

Question 19

Ernst Weber

Answer 19

Best known for weber’s law; stimulus magnitude comparison.

Question 20

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 20

Studied with dogs; conducted classical conditioning experiments.

Question 21

John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner

Answer 21

Little albert’s experiments on fear conditioning.

Question 22

Edward Thorndike

Answer 22

Law of effect on cats in “puzzle boxes;” behaviorism.

Question 23

B. F. Skinner

Answer 23

Operant conditioning experiments, “skinner’s box;” behaviorism.

Question 24

John Garcia & Koelling

Answer 24

Studied taste aversion in rats; knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned.

Question 25

Martin Seligman

Answer 25

Conducted experiments with dogs, “learned helplessness.”

Question 26

Atkinson & Shiffrin

Answer 26

Atkinson-shiffrin model: three stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory).

Question 27

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 27

Memorized nonsense syllables; "forgetting curve;" "retention curve.”

Question 28

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 28

"Lost in the Mall" experiment; eye-witness testimony; implementing false memories.

Question 29

Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky

Answer 29

Conducted research to discover factors that influence human judgment/decision making; representative and availability heuristics.

Question 30

Robert Sternberg

Answer 30

Triarchic Intelligence theory; believed there were three types of intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical.

Question 31

Noam Chomsky

Answer 31

Concept of universal grammar, which states that language is innate (natural), instead of learned.

Question 32

Charles Spearman

Answer 32

General intelligence concept (g).

Question 33

L.L. Thurstone

Answer 33

Proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities.

Question 34

Howard Gardner

Answer 34

"Multiple intelligences."

Question 35

Francis Galton

Answer 35

Believed intelligence to be hereditary influences on a person's abilities, character, and behavior; found nature vs. nurture.

Question 36

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

Answer 36

Created Modern Intelligence Testing - first intelligence test made for children in France.

Question 37

Lewis Terman

Answer 37

Incorporated IQ in the Stanford-Binet test; army’s use of intelligence testing during WWI; measured intelligence by dividing mental age by chronological age.

Question 38

David Wechsler

Answer 38

Developed individual test of intelligence (WAIS & WISC).

Question 39

James-Lange

Answer 39

First: physical sensations, Second: thinking, acting, and feeling.

Question 40

Cannon-Bard

Answer 40

Physical & emotion interacts simultaneously.

Question 41

Schachter & Singer

Answer 41

Two-Factor theory; emotion is formed from physiological arousal and a cognitive label.

Question 42

Richard Lazarus

Answer 42

Theory of appraisal - a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.

Question 43

Zajonc & leDoux

Answer 43

Thought that some emotions, particularly those needed for our immediate survival (e.g., anger or rage), were quickly activated through a fast pathway, while other emotions (e.g., love) went through a slow pathway.

Question 44

Paul Ekman

Answer 44

Interested in universality of facial expressions.

Question 45

Hans Selye

Answer 45

Stress theorist, created the model of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

Question 46

Friedman & Rosenman

Answer 46

Type A personality; experiment on coronary heart disease with angry, competitive individuals and easygoing, relaxed individuals.

Question 47

Kurt Lewin

Answer 47

Studied effects of leadership and gestalt principles on human behavior.