Important Terms

Question 1

evolutionary process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations

Answer 1

Natural Selection

Question 2

study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection

Answer 2

Evolutionary Psychology

Question 3

• highlights human adaptability
• nature predisposes us to learn whatever culture we are born into

Answer 3

Cultural Perspective

Question 4

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 4

Culture

Question 5

a field of research exploring the expression of genes across different environments

Answer 5

Epigenetics

Question 6

a set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave

Answer 6

Role

Question 7

standard for accepted and expected behavior

Answer 7

Norms

Question 8

varies how the self (individualistic) or others (collectivist) are emphasized in society

Answer 8

Individual Choices

Question 9

varies how expressiveness is perceived, either positively or negatively

Answer 9

Expressiveness

Question 10

varies how punctuality is valued

Answer 10

Punctuality

Question 11

collectivist cultures pathologize and stigmatize those who go against the norm (alcoholics, addicts, LGBTQ+)

Answer 11

Rule-breaking

Question 12

buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies which has a size that depends on our familiarity with whomever is near us

Answer 12

Personal Space

Question 13

processes that underlie our differing cultures/ behaviors are the same because we are all humans

Answer 13

Essential Universality

Question 14

exhibited by children (age 4-5) where they can infer what others are thinking

Answer 14

Theory of Mind

Question 15

• respecting privacy
• making eye contact while talking
• keeping secrets

Answer 15

Universal Friendship Norms

Question 16

• evaluating good or bad
• personality dimensions (i.e. OCEAN)

Answer 16

Universal Trait Dimensions

Question 17

• cynicism
• social complexity
• reward for application
• spirituality
• fate control

Answer 17

Universal Social Belief Dimensions

Question 18

people talk to higher-status people respectfully, while more familiarly to lower-status people

Answer 18

Universal Status Norms

Question 19

best known universal norm

Answer 19

The Incest Taboo

Question 20

vicarious experience of another’s feelings, putting oneself in another’s shoes

Answer 20

Empathy

Question 21

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Answer 21

Aggression

Question 22

In physiological and subjective responses to sexual
stimuli, women and men are more “similar than
different”

Answer 22

Sexuality (Sexual Behavior)

Question 23

mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics

Answer 23

Androgynous

Question 24

we are culturally shaped culture shapers

Answer 24

Culture Cycle

Question 25

a set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females

Answer 25

Gender roles

Question 26

a social category or group with which one identifies strongly

Answer 26

Ingroup

Question 27

a social category or group with which one does not identify

Answer 27

Outgroup

Question 28

intellectual framework for understanding how various aspects of individual identity (race, gender, social class, sexuality, etc.) interact to create unique experiences of privilege and oppression

Answer 28

Intersectionality

Question 29

a person's inherent and enduring capacity for emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction

Answer 29

Sexual Orientation

Question 30

a person's deeply felt internal and individual experience of gender

Answer 30

Gender Identity

Question 31

external appearance of a person's gender (behavior, clothing, haircut)

Answer 31

Gender Expression

Question 32

chromosomes, external genitalia, gonads, hormones, internal reproductive organs

Answer 32

Sex Characteristics

Question 33

interplay between socio-cognitive elements (awareness, acknowledgement, internalization, assimilation)

Answer 33

Psychological Identity Awareness, Acknowledgement, Acceptance

Question 34

disclosure can provide many socio-psychological benefits in the long-term

Answer 34

Interpersonal Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Relationships

Question 35

sexual identity may be construed primarily in terms of group membership

Answer 35

Collective Construction of a Group Identity

Question 36

shared nationality of ethnicity which differs from that of the majority population

Answer 36

National/Ethnic minorities

Question 37

shared religious identity which differs from that of what the majority population is practicing

Answer 37

Religious minorities

Question 38

shared language which differs from what the majority population is speaking

Answer 38

Linguistic minorities

Question 39

shared cultural identity which differs from what the majority population is practicing

Answer 39

Cultural minorities

Question 40

describes the human process of transferring elements of culture between societies

Answer 40

Cultural Diffusion

Question 41

unacknowledged and inappropriate adoption of the customs, practices, ideas of one people or society by members of another and typically more dominant people or society

Answer 41

Cultural Appropriation

Question 42

occurs when society's values, beliefs, norms, and operating methods change over time

Answer 42

Social Change

Question 43

occurs when a minority group impacts the majority's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

Answer 43

Minority Influence

Question 44

minority ideas become social truth

Answer 44

Social Cryptomnesia

Question 45

minority group believes in a clear set of values and beliefs that do not suddenly change or contradict

Answer 45

Consistency

Question 46

minority's willingness to compromise

Answer 46

Flexibility

Question 47

perception that a group is serious about its beliefs and willing to initiate and implement change

Answer 47

Commitment

Question 48

illustrates the outsize benefits that accrue to everyone from policies and investments designed to achieve equity, such as innovation for people with disabilities

Answer 48

Curb-Cut Effect

Question 49

a relationship in which the effect of one factor (eg biology) depends on another factor (eg environment)

Answer 49

Interaction