Importnat Details To Know Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
What are the two bacteria that contribute to the development of otitis externa?
A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus
2
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram….?
A
Negative rod
3
Q
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram what?
A
Positive cocci
4
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be found on?
A
Water reservoirs
5
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be transmitted via?
A
Aerosol transmission
6
Q
Does pseudomonas aeruginosa have motility?
A
Yes, it has a polar flagella
7
Q
Does pseudomonas aeruginosa have a capsule?
A
Yes
8
Q
What substances does pseudomonas aeruginosa produce?
A
Endotoxin and exotoxin A and elastase which is an enzyme that targets and destroys the blood vessels
9
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is oxidase…?
A
Positive
10
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an obligate…?
A
aerobe
11
Q
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non…
A
Fermenter
12
Q
Pseudomonas has two pigments which are…?
A
Blue-green due to pyocyanin and fluorescent due to fluorescein
13
Q
What type of odor does pseudomonas aeruginosa expel?
A
A fruity “grape-like” odor
14
Q
Staphylococcus appears are…?
A
Grape-like clusters
15
Q
Is staphylococcus aureus non motile?
A
Yes
16
Q
Does staphylococcus aureus form spores?
A
No! It is non spore forming
17
Q
What features does staphylococcus aureus have?
A
- Capsule
- Protein A
- Slime layer
- Peptidoglycan
- Teichoic acid
18
Q
Is staphylococcus aureus an opportunistic bacteria?
A
Yes
19
Q
Where can we find staphylococcus aureus in the body normally?
A
In the nose and skin
20
Q
How is staphylococcus aureus transmitted?
A
Via the hands, sneezing, surgical wounds, and contaminated foods
21
Q
What toxins does staphylococcus aureus produce?
A
- Cytotoxins
- Exfoliative toxins A/B
- Enterotoxins
- TSST-1
22
Q
What enzymes does staphylococcus aureus produce?
A
- Coagulase
- Hyaluronidase
- Fibrinolysin
- Li pases
- Nucleases
23
Q
Staph aureus is catalase what?
A
Positive
24
Q
Staph aureus is coagulase what?
A
Positive
25
Staph aureus is oxidase what?
Negative
26
Staph aureus is a facultative
Anaerobe
27
Staph aureus will show what color when grown in blood agar?
Golden
28
Staph aureus is Beta what?
Hemolytic
29
Is staph aureus a mannitol fermenter?
Yes
30
What are the manifestations of otitis externa?
Pain, pruritus, discharge
The pinna is tender but with no lymphadenopathy
There is pain exacerbation with movement
There is erythema
There is edema in the external ear canal
Fever ( more than 37.3 degrees Celsius )
31
What other manifestations are associated with otitis externa?
```
Fullness feeling
Vértigo
Nystagmus
Tinnitus
Viral respiratory infection symptoms
Allergic reaction symptoms
```
32
What are some otitis externa manifestations in children?
Fever, ear pain, irritability, vomiting, diarrhea
33
Which patients are at risk of developing malignant otitis externa?
Those with poorly controlled diabetes and those with a compromised immune system
34
What are some symptoms of malignant otitis externa?
Fever, severe pain, regional lymphadenopathy in the preauricular and cervical lymph nodes,
The fever is high grade btw
35
Malignant otitis externa is a...
Necrotizing infection affecting the cartilage, blood vessels, bone
36
Which other structures can malignant otitis externa affect?
skull base, brain meninges, brain cranial nerves 7, 9, 10, 12
37
What other pathologies can be seen in conjunction with otitis externa?
Purulent conjunctivitis, rhinitis, sinusitis
38
What is the most common cause of otitis externa in adults?
swimmers and divers
39
What are some predisposing factors for developing otitis externa?
1. High environmental temperature
2. Mechanical removal of cerumen
3. Trauma (foreign object insertion)
4. Chronic dermatologic disease (eczema, psorias, seborrheic dermatitis, acne
40
Which groups or individuals are vulnerable for developing otitis externa?
People who have antibody, complement, and phagocytic cell deficiencies, cleft palate, kids at day care, babies being bottle fed, second hand smokers, family history
41
A cerumen insufficiency may predispose someone to ?
Acute otitis externa
42
What fungi may also be involved in the development of otitis externa?
Cándida ir aspergillus species
43
In acute otitis externa what is the color of the discharge?
Thick white mucus
44
In chronic otitis externa what is the composition of the discharge?
Bloody
45
In malignant otitis externa, what is the composition of the discharge?
Foul smelling (otorrhea that smells bad)
46
What are some therapeutic and preventative strategies for otitis externa?
Cleansing, debris removal, topical anti microbial like acetic acid, oxfloxacin, neomycin plus polymin B
47
What is the therapeutic approach when it comes to malignant otitis externa?
IV use of imipenem
48
What is otitis media?
Inflammatory disease of the mucosa of the inner ear with exudative production
49
There is a loss of what in otitis media?
Transient loss of hearing
50
What common bacterial micoorganisms are responsible for otitis media?
Strep pneumoniae , haemophilus influenza, moraxella catarrhalis
51
What bacteria are mostly responsible for otitis media in infants?
E.Coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
52
Strep pneumoniae is gram what?
Positive
53
Strep pneumoniae appears as?
Cocci in chains
54
Does strep pneumoniae have a capsule?
Yes ( C polysaccharide )
55
Does strep pneumoniae have a IGA protease?
Yes
56
Does strep pneumoniae have teichoic acid?
Yes
57
Does strep pneumoniae have pneumolysin O
Yes
58
Does strep pneumoniae have surface protein adhesins?
Yes
59
Strep pneumoniae is catalase what?
Negative
60
Strep pneumoniae is optochin what?
Sensitive
61
Strep pneumoniae is lysed with what?
Bile
62
Strep pneumoniae is alpha what?
Hemolytic
63
How is strep pneumoniae transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
64
Haemophilus influenzae bacteria is gram what?
Negative
65
Haemophilus influenzae is of what shape?
Cocco bacilli (short rod)
66
What type of capsule does the Haemophilus influenzae have?
Polyribitol phosphate capsule
67
Does Haemophilus influenzae have an IGA protease?
Yes
68
Which type of Haemophilus influenzae bacteria is 90% invasive?
The type one that had type B capsule
69
What is the reservoir for Haemophilus influenzae?
Humans
70
How is Haemophilus influenzae transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
71
What growth factors does Haemophilus influenzae require?
X (hemin) and V (nad)
72
In which type of agar does Haemophilus influenzae grow?
Chocolate agar
73
When Haemophilus influenzae is cultured with Staph aureus, what phenomenon can be observed?
Satélite phenomenon
74
Moraxella catarrhalis is gram what?
Negative
75
What shape is moraxella catarrhalis?
Cocci (diplococci)
76
Is moraxella catarrhalis aerobic or anaerobic?
Aerobic
77
Moraxella catarrhalis is a...
Non fermenter (maltose)
78
Moraxella catarrhalis is oxidase...
Positive
79
Moraxella catarrhalis is a producer of?
Beta-lactamase
80
Otitis media is common in which population?
Children due to their ear anatomy. They have a short, flexible, and horizontal Eustachian tube
They will have. A viral respiratory infection first
81
In otitis media we have ...
Swelling, Eustachian tube obstruction, exudate accumulation, inner ear pressure increase, timpánica membrane bulge and rupture
82
In otitis media we see a bulging what?
Tympanic membrane
83
Otitis media requires what?
Antibiotic treatment
84
What is the treatment for otitis media if the symptoms last for three days?
initiate antibiotic (amoxicillin)
85
What is the treatment for otitis media if you have been administering an antibiotic for three days and there is no response?
Amoxicillin + clavulanate or 3rd generation cephalosporin
86
For allergic patients with otitis media, what is the treatment?
Trimethropin-sulfamethoxazole
87
For people with recurrent otitis media what is the treatment?
Tumpanostomy tubes
88
What is the vaccine for patients older than 2 years old specifically against strep pneumo?
What is the vaccine for patients less than two years old?
Pneumovax (older than two years old)
Less than two years old is Prevnar
