IMSERO Flashcards
(242 cards)
1
Q
the most common hepatitis
due to easy transmission
A
HAV
2
Q
self-limited, causing only acute diseases
A
HAV
3
Q
aka INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS and has an abrupt onset
(short incubation hepatitis)
A
HAV
4
Q
Incubation period: 15 – 50 days (ave: 28 days)
A
HAV
5
Q
unlike HBV, it does not produce a coat protein and is not detectable in serum
only detectable in the feces
A
HAV
6
Q
HAV MOT
A
1)fecal-oral/fecal matter ingestion, even in microscopic amounts, from:
* close person-to-person contact with infected person
* ingestion of contaminated food or drinks
2)NEW: direct oral-anal sexual contact with infected person
7
Q
can release viral antigen in the small intestine, passed out during defecation
A
HAV
8
Q
Persons at risk with this virus are the following:
* Travelers to region with intermediate/high rates of HAV
* Sex contacts of infected person
* Household members or caregivers of infected persons
* Men who have sex with men (homosexual intercourse)
* Users of certain illegal drugs (injections and non-injection) – very rare, but possible if the infected person have a severe hepatitis A infection that had reached the blood (VIREMIA)
* Persons with clotting-factor disorders (blood transfusions)
A
HAV
9
Q
Who are the persons at risk for Hepatitis A virus?
A
Persons at risk for HAV:
* Travelers to region with intermediate/high rates of Hepa A
* Sex contacts of infected person
* Household members or caregivers of infected persons
* Men who have sex with men (homosexual intercourse)
* Users of certain illegal drugs (injections and non-injection) – very rare, but possible if the infected person have a severe hepatitis A infection that had reached the blood (VIREMIA)
* Persons with clotting-factor disorders (blood transfusions)
10
Q
very rare but possible in cases when the virus reaches blood
seen in VERY SEVERE HAV cases (rarely)
A
viremia
presence of viruses in the blood
11
Q
the spx recommended for antigen testing during first two weeks
used to detect HAV antigen (shed off in the intestine)
A
stool
px infected in first 2 wk (no Ab in serum)
viral Ag detected in stool is recommended
12
Q
how long does early shedding of the virus in stool last?
A
first 15 days / 2 weeks
13
Q
A marker of HAV infection:
It happens after 2nd week of infection; during onset of symptoms
Icterus/jaundice, inc liver enzyme levels
SGPT/ALT – liver specific
other liver enzymes may also increase (SGOT, nucleotidase)
A
IgM anti-HAV
IgM Ab starts to be produced in the serum/plasma
14
Q
A marker of HAV infection:
during recovery phase
A
IgG anti-HAV and immunity development
15
Q
detect the presence of specific HAV Abs
A
- ELISA
- RIA
16
Q
true or false
INDIRECT ELISA DETECTS ANTIBODY
A
true
Indirect ELISA is used for detecting antibodies in a sample in order to quantify immune responses
17
Q
true or false
DIRECT ELISA DETECTS ANTIGEN
A
true
18
Q
what spx is used in direct elisa?
A
stool
Direct ELISA detects viral antigen
19
Q
what marker is present in:
acute infection with HAV
A
IgM anti-HAV
20
Q
what marker is present in:
Old infection (immune to HAV)
A
IgG anti-HAV
21
Q
what marker is present in:
convalescence/recovery period in px with HAV
A
IgG anti-HAV
22
Q
aka serum hepatitis
A
HBV
23
Q
attacks the liver (hepatocytes) causing both acute and progress to chronic disease - more fatal and severe than HAV
A
HBV
24
Q
Incubation period: 45-160 days (ave. 120 days)
A
HBV
25
MOT somewhat similar to HIV
HBV
26
# MOT for this virus are the following:
o Direct contact with infectious blood, semen, and other body fluids primarily through:
– Birth to an infected mother
– Sexual contact with an infected person
– Sharing of contaminated needles, syringes, or other injection drug equipment
– Needle sticks or other sharp instrument injuries
HBV
27
what are the modes of transmission of HBV?
* HBV MOT: (somewhat similar to HIV)
o Direct contact with infectious blood, semen, and other body fluids primarily through:
– Birth to an infected mother
– Sexual contact with an infected person
– Sharing of contaminated needles, syringes, or other injection drug equipment
– Needle sticks or other sharp instrument injuries
28
the one and only DNA virus causing hepatitis
HBV
29
complete hepatitis B virion is called the _?
dane particle
| replicate inside hepatocytes (liver cells)
## Footnote
Family: Hepadnaviridae
30
what are the six serologic markers of HBV?
1. HBsAg
2. HBcAg
3. HBeAg
4. Anti-HBs
5. Anti-HBc
6. Anti-HBe
31
# a marker of HBV infection
previously known as the Australia antigen
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen)
32
# a marker of HBV infection
best indicator of early or acute hepatitis infection
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen)
33
# a marker of HBV infection
presence indicates active infection in either acute or chronic stage
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen)
34
# a marker of HBV infection
screened routinely; determines whether the patient requires vaccine or booster
HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen)
35
# a marker of HBV infection
found within the core of intact virus
HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen)
36
# a marker of HBV infection
not detectable in serum; found only in hepatocytes (uncoats inside the cell/tissues)
HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen)
37
# a marker of HBV infection
specimen for detection: liver biopsy
HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen)
38
# a marker of HBV infection
NOT routinely tested in hepatitis profile
HBcAg (hepatitis B core antigen)
39
# a marker of HBV infection
indicates chronic hepatitis
HBeAg (hepatitis B envelope antigen)
40
a reliable marker for the presence of high viral load, high degree of infectivity
HBeAg (hepatitis B envelope antigen)
41
first Ab to appear at the same time that liver enzyme elevations are first seen
Anti-HBc (anti-hepatitis B core)
42
# a marker of HBV infection
found among asymptomatic carriers
Anti-HBc (anti-hepatitis B core)
43
only marker present during the WINDOW period
Anti-HBc (anti-hepatitis B core)
44
first serologic evidence of convalescence/recovery phase from hepatitis infection
Anti-HBe (anti-hepatitis B envelope)
45
may also indicate low level of virus; low degree of infectivity
Anti-HBe (anti-hepatitis B envelope)
46
bestows long-term immunity to further HBV infection
Anti-HBs (anti-hepatitis B surface)
47
measured several months after hepatitis B vaccination (assess vaccine effectiveness or if booster shot is needed)
Anti-HBs (anti-hepatitis B surface)
48
developed by a patient who had been infected to HBV or vaccinated
Anti-HBs (anti-hepatitis B surface)
49
confirms that the patient had past infection to HBV
Anti-HBc
50
Five possibilities:
* Resolved infection (most common)
* False-positive anti-HBc, thus susceptible
* “Low level” chronic infection
* Resolving acute infection
* Window/recovery period
Anti-HBc
51
# what marker/s is/are present?
HBV chronic infection
1. HBsAg
2. Anti-HBc
3. IgG anti-HBc
52
# what marker/s is/are present?
HBV acute infection
1. HBsAg
2. anti-HBc
3. IgM anti-HBc
53
# what marker/s is/are present?
immunity due to HBV vaccination
Anti-HBs
54
# what marker/s is/are present?
Immune due to natural infection (Past infection)
1. Anti-HBc
2. Anti-HBs
55
One way to improve immunity is __________. It promotes faster release and movement of lymphocytes in the blood. High levels produce sensitive and active immune response. Ab titer will remain in high levels for a long period.
exercise/physical activities
56
enumerate the tests for HBV detection
* 1st generation test - ouchterlony
* 2nd generation test
1. Counter Immunoelectrophoresis
2. rheophoresis
3. complement fixation
* 3rd generation test
1. reverse passive latex agglutination
2. reverse passive hemagglutination
3. ELISA
4. RIA
57
# HBV detection
1st generation test
ouchterlony
58
# HBV detection
2nd generation test
1. Counter Immunoelectrophoresis (CIE)
2. Rheophoresis
3. Complement Fixation
59
# HBV detection
3rd generation test
1. Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination
2. Reverse Passive Hemagglutination
3. ELISA
4. RIA
60
what is the specific procedure of ouchterlony?
Specific procedure: double-diffusion double-dimension
| ouchterlony specific procedure
61
# HBV detection
Principle: Precipitation reaction
Specific procedure: double-diffusion double-dimension
1st generation test
ouchterlony
62
# HBV detection
principle: precipitation with current
2nd generation test
counter immunoelectrophoresis
63
# HBV detection
principle: precipitation by evaporation
2nd generation test
rheophoresis
64
# HBV detection
Agglutination
Anti-HBsAg artificially/passively coated with latex particles (latex – carrier for anti-HBs to detect HBsAg)
detected: _
carrier: _
3rd generation test
reverse passive latex agglutination test
Detected: HBsAg
Carrier: latex
65
what is the most sensitive test in HBV detection?
3rd generation test (MOST SENSITIVE)
66
# HBV detection
Principle: Hemagglutination
Anti-HBsAg passively attached to RBCs carrier to detect Ag
Carrier: __
3rd generation test
Reverse Passive Hemagglutination
67
# HBV detection
commonly used test to confirm hepatitis B infection
3rd generation test
ELISA
68
# true or false
Direct ELISA – detects HBsAg (hepa B antigen)
true
69
# true or false
Indirect ELISA – detects Anti-HBs (hepa B antibody)
true
70
# what HBV marker?
first to appear
HBsAg
| hepatitis B surface antigen
71
# what HBV marker?
signifies high viral load = px highly infectious
HBeAg
|hepatitis B envelope antigen
72
# what HBV marker?
starts to peak as HBeAg levels decrease, since it signifies recovery; thus, low viral load.
Anti-HBe
| anti-hepatitis B enveloope
73
Made by a recombinant strain of the yeast
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae - common bakers’ yeast
HBV Vaccine (1982)
74
common baker's yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
| HBV Vaccine (1982)
## Footnote
Made by a recombinant strain of the yeast
75
Enumerate disease states caused by HBV
1. acute hepatitis
2. fulminant hepatitis
3. chronic
4. co-infection with HDV
76
delta virus requires HBsAg for its replication
| HBV and HDV simultaneously infect and replicate in hepatocytes
co-infection with HDV
77
asymptomatic carrier; chronic persistent hepatitis; chronic active hepatitis
chronic hepatitis
78
sudden, severe onset of a condition
fulminant hepatitis
79
starts with infection; progress to cancer if not managed
infectious cancer
80
a liver cancer, severe progression if HBV infection is not controlled
PRIMARY HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HEPATOMA)
81
# give the infectious type of cancer:
HBV
hepatoma
82
# give the infectious type of cancer:
HPV
cervical cancer
83
# give the infectious type of cancer:
EBV
nasopharyngeal cancer
84
# dx hbv serologic test
no active infection, cured, long term immunity
Anti-HBsAg
85
# dx hbv serologic test
active/on-going infection, either acute/chronic
HBsAg
86
# dx hbv serologic test
not new nor old
both IgM & IgG anti-HBc
| “Middle infection”
87
# dx hbv serologic test
old infection, may persists for years
IgG Anti-HBcAg
88
# dx hbv serologic test
new/early stage of infection
IgM Anti-HBcAg
89
# true or false
HBcAg - antibodies; no antigen
true
| core Ag not detected in serum, only found in liver intact cells/biopsy
90
# true or false
core antigen is detected in serum
| found in liver intact cells/biopsy and other tissues
false
## Footnote
core antigen not detected in serum, only found in liver intact cells/biopsy
91
# dx hbv serologic test
low infectivity, low viral load
Anti-HBeAg
92
# dx hbv serologic test
High infectivity, high viral load
HBeAg
93
# true or false
In viral serology, antibody detection comes first before antigen appearance
false
| In viral serology, Ag detection comes first before Abs appearance
94
# true or false
Ag is responsible for stimulating the immune system to produce Ab
true
95
# true or false
It is also impossible to detect only the antibody (i.e. HBcAg)
false
96
# true or false
Delayed dx (asymptomatic patient) – antigen can be tested;
While antibody is recommended in early stages
false
97
# true or false
HBV PREVENTION AND TREAMENT
* Serologic test on donor blood = HBsAg
* SGPT/ALT
* Active immunization
* Anti-viral agents for tx of chronic or persistent HBV infection – helps lower the viral load
* Anti-HBV drug Lamivudine
* Tx with interferon alpha (interferon therapy)
true
98
give the prevention and treatment for HBV infection.
* Serologic test on donor blood = HBsAg
* SGPT/ALT
* Active immunization
* Anti-viral agents for tx of chronic or persistent HBV infection – helps lower the viral load
* Anti-HBV drug Lamivudine
* Tx with interferon alpha (interferon therapy)
99
NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS
HCV
| Hepatitis C
100
Incubation period: 14-180 days (ave. 45 days)
HCV
101
aka blood-borne hepatitis, post-transfusion hepatitis
HCV
102
MOT: Commonly acquired thru blood transfusion
HCV
103
NO established vaccines, as it is a highly complex agent
HCV
104
# true or false
HCV is a highly complex agent
true
| no established vaccines
105
HCV AB REACTIVE
Presumptive HCV infection
106
Widespread infection in pregnant mothers (natural birthing process has high bleeding tendency; requires blood transfusion from increased blood loss)
HCV
107
HCV is an RNA virus from family __?
Single-stranded RNA virus
Family Flaviviridae
108
used to confirm HCV presence, a blood test that detects antibodies to the HCV
Recombinant ImmunoBlot Assay (RIBA)
| SPECIALIZED TYPE OF METHOD - VIRAL CONFIMARTORY TESTING
109
HCV SPECIALIZED TYPE OF METHOD - VIRAL CONFIMARTORY TESTING
RIBA
| Recombinant ImmunoBlot Assay
## Footnote
used to confirm HCV presence, a blood test that detects antibodies to the HCV
110
SEROLOGIC TESTS FOR HEPATITIS C
1. Surrogate Testing for detecting NANBV/HCV in donated blood
2. Serologic Tests for antibody against HCV Ag (Anti-HCV)
111
# hcv serologic test
1. ALT Level detection – markedly ↑ in hepatocyte destruction
2. Anti-HBc detection – by RIA or ELISA using Enzyme Inhibition Technique
Surrogate Testing for detecting NANBV/HCV in donated blood
112
# hcv serologic test
1. ELISA
2. RIA
Serologic Tests for antibody against HCV Ag (Anti-HCV)
113
markedly ↑ in hepatocyte destruction
ALT level detection
114
by RIA or ELISA using Enzyme Inhibition Technique
Anti-HBc detection
115
# true or false
HCV antibody – for confirmatory
False
| HCV antibody – for screening
116
# true or false
HCV RNA – screening for reactive HCV Ab
false
| HCV RNA – confirmatory for reactive HCV Ab
117
# interpretation:
No HCV antibody detected
HCV antibody nonreactive
118
# interpretation:
Presumptive HCV infection
HCV antibody reactive
119
# interpretation:
Current HCV infection
Link to care
HCV antibody reactive, HCV RNA detected
120
# interpretation:
No current HCV infection
Acquired past HCV infection due to reactive HCV Ab
Additional testing as appropriate
HCV antibody reactive, HCV RNA not detected
121
an RNA virus
MOT: parenteral (replicate only with the help of HBV)
HDV
122
Defective hepatotropic virus which requires obligatory helper functions from HBV in order to ensure its replication and infectivity
HDV
123
aka DELTA VIRUS
HDV
124
helical nucleocapsid actually uses HBV’s envelope, HBsAg (only replicates in cells infected with HBV)
HDV
125
Two infections carried out by HDV
Co-infection with HBV
Superinfection with HBV
126
px simultaneously becomes infected with both HBV and HDV
Co-infection with HBV
127
MOST SEVERE TYPE OF HEPATITIS in terms of fast rate of replication, infection, destruction to hepatocytes
Superinfection with HBV
128
px already chronically infected with HBV acquires HDV
Superinfection with HBV
129
a not very useful HDV serological marker
HDV Ag
130
a serological marker of HDV in the early stage of infection
HDV Ag
131
a serological marker of HDV that rapidly disappears in the plasma
HDV Ag
132
a serological marker of HDV in the acute phase of infection
IgM anti-HDV
total anti-HDV (IgM + IgG)
133
a serological marker of HDV signifying co-infection
IgM anti-HDV
IgM anti-HBc
HBsAg
134
a serological marker of HDV indicating HDV superinfection
IgM anti-HBc (-)
135
a serological marker of HDV indicating chronic infection
IgG anti-HDV (+)
136
rna virus, family calcivirus
HEV
137
rna virus, family calicivirus
HEV
138
HEV size
32-34 nm
139
HEV dx serology Ag & Ab
western blot
PCR
electron microscopy
140
HEV dx confirmatory
western blot
141
HEV dx that can be used in all types of agents
PCR
142
HEV dx with principle based on the detection of certain segments of the gene since all of these can be amplified
PCR
143
these patients with HEV may develop fulminant liver failure and death
pregnant women
144
true or false
there is a distinct serological marker for HEV, diagnosis based on symptoms for exposed individuals in endemic countries
false
NO distinct serological marker for HEV, diagnosis based on symptoms for exposed individuals in endemic countries
145
true or false
pregnant women with HEV may develop fulminant liver failure and death
true
146
an rna virus that has an envelope
same family as HCV - flaviviridae
HGV
147
MOT:
contact with blood, sexually transmitted, transplacental (mot almost the same with HIV & HCV)
HGV
148
an rna virus that is common worldwide but seems non-pathogenic
HGV
149
mild version of HCV
HGV
150
aka glandular fever
infectious mononucleosis
151
aka kissing disease
infectious mononucleosis
152
MOT:
exchange of mouth fluid / saliva during intense torrid kissing
infectious mononucleosis
153
most common during adolescence and early adulthood (15-25 y/o)
common in females
EBV infection
154
causative agent of infectious mononucleosis
EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS
155
true/false
EBV is common among males
false
156
DNA virus which infects B lymphocytes
EBV
157
may inhabit nasopharyngeal tissues without causing disease (asymptotic carriers)
EBV
158
enlarged lymphocytes affected by EBV with a characteristic atypical nuclei
downey cells or atypical T lymphocyte or reactive lymphocyte
159
symptoms that are called as IM-like symptoms
Symptoms during early stage of aids:
Fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph glands
160
IM classic symptoms which can also be found in the early stage of AIDS
fever
fatigue
sore throat
swollen lymph glands
161
used for any substance that stimulated the formation of sheep hemolysin (anti-sheep cells)
forssman antigen
162
antibodies produced by unrelated species, which can cross-react with the same antigen
used to dx IM
heterophil abs
163
Enumerate cells used to differentiate 3 abs
sheep cells
ox/beef cells
horse cells
guinea pig cells
164
What are the cells primarily useful in differentiation of IM antibodies?
guinea pig cells
ox/beef cells
165
heterophil abs in IM (not forssman in nature) are nonreactive to:
guinea pig cells
166
heterophil abs in IM (not forssman in nature) are reactive to:
sheep cells
ox cells
horse cells
167
heterophil abs of forssman are nonreactive to:
ox cells
168
heterophil abs of forssman are reactive to:
sheep cells
horse cells
guinea pig cells
169
heterophil abs in serum sickness are nonreactive to:
none
170
heterophil abs in serum sickness are reactive to:
all 4 cells
- sheep
- horse
- ox
- guinea pig
abs can be used as control since its positive in all 4 cells
171
what are the tests for IM heterophil antibodies?
1. paul bunnel test
2. davidson differential test
3. monospot
4. rapid differential slide test using papain-treated sheep rbcs
172
# PRINCIPLE OF:
DAVIDSON DIFFERENTIAL TEST
Absorption-hemagglutination
173
# PRINCIPLE OF:
PAUL BUNNEL TEST
hemagglutination
174
Presumptive/screening test for heterophil Ab presence
paul bunnel test
175
Incapable of determining specificity of heterophil Abs; only indicative of presence or absence of heterophil Abs – requires further testing to determine specific Ab
paul bunnel test
176
# Paul Bunnel Test
reagent ag
2% suspension of sheep RBCs
177
# paul bunnel test
antibody
heterophil Abs in px serum
178
# paul bunnel test
Detected Abs
IM, forssman, serum sickness Abs
179
# paul bunnel test
(+) result
hemagglutination (heterophil Abs presence)
180
Determine specific Ab that reports (+) in Paul Bunnel test
DAVIDSON DIFFERENTIAL TEST
181
2 steps of davidson differential test
1. absorption
2. hemagglutination
182
# davidson differential test
exposure of test serum to both beef cells and guinea pig cell which causes absorption of either one or both of these antibodies
absorption
183
# davidson differential test
indicator cells
sheep rbcs
184
# davidson differential test
Ag
guinea pig kidney cells
beef RBCs
185
# davidson differential test
Ab
heterophil Abs in px serum (same sample used in paul bunnel test)
186
# davidson differential test
“absorbed agglutinins” (precipitates) are removed by centrifugation; resultant fluid (supernatant) are then tested with sheep RBC
hemagglutination
187
# true or false
If the absorption is positive in step 1, antibody titer decreases. Hence, agglutination in step 2 weakens.
true
188
# true or false
If the absorption is negative in step 1, antibody titer is retained low. Hence, agglutination in step 2 is strong.
false
## Footnote
If the absorption is negative in step 1, antibody titer is retained high. Hence, agglutination in step 2 is strong.
189
# PRINCIPLE
MONOSPOT
Absorption-hemagglutination
190
SAME PATTERNS WITH DAVIDSON.
monospot
191
monospot Ag
Guinea Pig Kidney cells
Beef RBC
192
monospot Ab
Heterophil Abs in px’s serum
193
monospot indicator cells
horse cells
194
# PRINCIPLE OF:
RAPID DIFFERENTIAL SLIDE TEST using Papain-Treated Sheep RBCs
hemagglutination
195
Papain + sheep cells = ?
receptors for Abs are specifically INACTIVATED
196
Causative agent of HIV infection
Family: Retroviridae
Subfamily: Lentivirus and Oncovirus
HIV
197
Has a marked preference for T-helper/inducer lymphocytes (CD4+) which serves as the target cell of the HIV
HIV
198
Higher rate of transmission making it a predominant type of HIV
HIV-1
199
Majority occurred in West Africa, less pathogenic, lower rate of transmission
HIV-2
200
HIV formerly called as
1. .
2. .
3. .
Formerly called:
1. Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-type III (HTLV-III)
2. Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
3. AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV)
201
Destruction on CD4 lymphocytes – will allow opportunistic infections and malignancies
secondary effects of HIV
202
# gene & viral gene products
Codes for core structural (group Ags) proteins
gag
p24, p18, p15
203
absorption pattern of beef rbcs in forssman
-
204
absorption pattern of gpkc in forssman
+
205
absorption pattern of beef rbcs in IM
+
206
absorption pattern of gpkc in IM
-
207
agglutination pattern of beef rbcs in forssman
++++
208
agglutination pattern of gpkc in forssman
+
209
agglutination pattern of beef rbcs in IM
+
210
agglutination pattern of gpkc in IM
++++
211
# true or false
normal serum & IM serum has weak or no agglutination in papain-treated sheep rbcs
true
212
target cell of HIV
T-helper/inducer cells
| CD4+ cells
213
transcribes ssrna into dsdna
reverse transcriptase
(which is a pol)
213
# true or false
If screening tests for HIV antibody is reactive, confirmatory tests is performed to rule out false positives.
true
214
If screening tests for HIV antibody is nonreactive but patient is at high risk for HIV infection , re-testing using ELISA may be done after how many months?
3 to 6 months
215
most widely used HIV test for screening
Indirect ELISA
216
follow up with ELISA to rule out false positives
false
| follow up with western blot
217
# principle:
Tests kits for screening
Lateral flow chromatography
218
what are the 3 bands that must appear?
p24, gp41, g120/160
219
what is considered as HIV positive for western blot assay?
(+) result: presence of 2 out of 3 major bands
220
a confirmatory test, used to detect HIV infected cells
| *western blot is more frequently used
Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA)
221
list the criteria for dx of aids
1. positive for HIV
2. CD4 count fewer than 200 cells/ml
3. CD4 cells account fewer than 14% of all lymphocytes
4. experience one or more of a CDC-provided list of AIDS-defining illnesses
222
* 2-10 years after initial infection
* A syndrome of CD4 depletion resulting in opportunistic infections and cancers suggestive of cell-mediated immunity defects
* Fungal infections = Immunodeficiency or severely depleted immune state
final stage
223
normal ratio of CD4:CD8
2:1
224
CD4:CD8 intermediate stage ratio
0.5 : 1
225
State known as the ARC (Aids-Related Complex)
intermediate stage
226
* Patient is either asymptomatic or may show mild lymphadenopathy
* Resembles IM (Infectious Mononucleosis)
primary stage
227
opportunistic pathogens
1. Pneumocystis carinii, now known as Pneumocystis jeruveci
2. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex
3. Candida albicans
4. Cryptosporidium parvum
5. Toxoplasma gondii
6. Cryptococcus neoformans
7. Herpes Simplex (I and II)
8. Legionella spp.
228
* Tumors in skin and linings of internal organs, lymphomas, and cancers of rectum and lung
kaposi's sarcoma
229
causative agent of kaposi's sarcoma
human Herpes simplex virus type 8
230
caused by human Herpes simplex virus type 8
kaposi's sarcoma
231
# caused by HSV type 8
Most frequent malignancy observed
kaposi's sarcoma
232
first antibody to be detected persist throughout the infection of kaposi's sarcoma
anti-gp41
233
In the Philippines, a new confirmatory procedure is being implemented to replace Western blot assay.
rHIVda
| Rapid HIV diagnostic algorithm
234
In rHIVda, px reported as inconclusive is advised to retest after _ ?
2 to 6 weeks
235
if tested negative for rHIVda, px sample must be sent to this lab for possible western blot examination
NRL-SLH
236
# what is nonreactive to:
heterophile antibody in IM
guinea pig cells
237
# what is nonreactive to:
forssman
ox cells
238
# what is nonreactive to:
serum sickness
none
239
# what is reactive to:
serum sickness
all 4 cells:
1. ox / beef cells
2. horse cells
3. guinea pig cells
4. sheep cells
240
An anti-HBV drug
Lamivudine
241
This infection uses interferon therapy
HBV infection
*tx with interferon alpha
