INCA - Nationalism and independence

Question 1

What career did Gandhi train as in London?

Answer 1

A Lawyer

Question 2

What did Gandhi do in South Africa?

Answer 2

He spent 20 years from 1893 campaigning against racism and segregation

Question 3

What did Gandhi do in 1915?

Answer 3

He returned to India and became president of the INC

Question 4

What did Gandhi do in 1917 & 1918?

Answer 4

He campaigned in the state of Bihar, Ahmedabad and Gujarat

Question 5

What did Gandhi do after the 1919 Amritsar massacre?

Answer 5

He helped to organise the non-cooperation movement of 1920, the civil disobedience movement of 1930-31/1932-34 and the quit India campaign of 1942

Question 6

What was the Salt March?

Answer 6

In 1930 Gandhi led a large group on a 241 mile walk to the sea to make salt without paying the salt tax

Question 7

What was the results of the 1930 salt march?

Answer 7

-Gandhis arrest and held in prison for several months
-Negotiations with Irwin leading to the Gandhi-Irwin pact

Question 8

What were some of the features of the Gandhi-Irwin pact?

Answer 8

-INC end the Civil Disobedience Movement
-Gandhi represent the INC at the Second round table conference
-All prisoners arrested for the civil disobedience movement would be released
-Salt tax would end

Question 9

What did others think of the Gandhi-Irwin pact?

Answer 9

INC members felt their concerns were not represented and Gandhi was being too cooperative

Question 10

What was Gandhis book and what beliefs did he express through it?

Answer 10

Hind Swaraj (1909), in which he expressed:
-Desire for peaceful resistance
-Desire for harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims
-Rejected Caste system
-An independent India
-Reject industrialisation and urbanisation

Question 11

When was Gandhi assassinated and by who?

Answer 11

In 1948, by a militant Hindu nationalist

Question 12

What were some qualities of Nehru?

Answer 12

-Studied in England before returning to India 1912
-Joined INC 1919
-Became president of INC 1928
-Imprisoned 1930
-Supported Britains decision to go to war
-Indias PM in 1947, died 1964

Question 13

What was some differences in beliefs for Gandhi and Nehru?

Answer 13

-Nehru supported war efforts unlike Gandhi
-Nehru was reluctant to support Gandhis Quit India Campaign
-Gandhi desired a village-India with agriculture and rural ways, Nehru desired industrialisation and modernisation

Question 14

What are some qualities of Bose?

Answer 14

-Presented a challenge to Nehrus leadership through 1930s
-Promoted militant actions, left INC 1939
-Didn’t support war effort
-Placed on house arrest but escaped to Germany then Sumatra
-Died 1945

Question 15

Who were the Indian National Army?

Answer 15

In 1943, Bose established the army with around 30,000 prisoners of war being held by the Japanese, he intended to lead to India and free it from British Control

Question 16

What are some qualities of Ali Jinnah?

Answer 16

-INC member, joined AIML in 1906 and led group from 1913
-Disagreed with non-violence and peaceful protest
-Support idea of separate Muslim state
-Post partition India 1947, became first Governor-General of Pakisation

Question 17

Who was Edwin Montagu as a British Administrator?

Answer 17

Secretary of State for India from 1917 to 1922, responsible for reforms leading to GOIA 1919.

Question 18

Who was Sir Harry Haig as a British Administrator?

Answer 18

lifelong colonial administrator in India. In many ways an emergent colonial administrator who came to terms with the idea of Indians as partners of the Empire. Opponent of Gandhis campaigns, described him as a “menace”

Question 19

Who was Lord Linlithgow as a British Administrator?

Answer 19

Viceroy from 1935-1943, longest tenure of any Viceroy. Promoted extension of the vote to more Indians through GOIA 1935, fierce opponent of Gandhi. Praised in Britain though Indians blamed him for division.

Question 20

Who was Baron William Hailey as a British Administrator?

Answer 20

Oxford administrator with a long career in service of the Raj, became governor of the Punjab in 1924 and of the United Provinces in 1928. Key participant in conferences leading to GOIA 1935.

Question 21

What happened to Indian protests during WW2?

Answer 21

In 1939, nationalists largely suspended their protests and supported war effort

Question 22

How many soldiers from India were deployed in Europe, North Africa and South East Asia?

Answer 22

Over 2.5 million

Question 23

It’s estimated how many Indian soldiers died in ww2?

Answer 23

87,000

Question 24

How did the Raj contribute to war efforts other than personnel?

Answer 24

-Government borrowed £1.375 billion (almost £57 billion today)
-India used as a military base for Americans when doing South East Asia operations

Question 25

When were the dominion statuses offered and what were the responses?

Answer 25

1940 - Linlithgow offered Dominion Status, though Nehru rejected it as it was unrealistic
1942 - Churchill offered dominion status but rejected as INC only wanted independence

Question 26

Were Bose’s INA a large threat to the empire?

Answer 26

Not so much, it received little public support and Bose was killed in 1945

Question 27

Which two British leaders had conflicting opinions on the ownership of India as a colony?

Answer 27

-Churchill - wished to hold on to India as it was the most economically beneficial, and to retain Britain’s status as a world power
-Viceroy Earl Wavell - Feared India was lost and any attempts to keep it would result in rebellion

Question 28

When was Winston Churchill replaced? by who?

Answer 28

In july 1945, Churchill was replaced by Clement Attlee. The labour party instead of the Conservative

Question 29

What was the main reason for the labour party’s success?

Answer 29

It’s proposed domestic policy such as the NHS

Question 30

Did Attlee have intention of breaking down the empire?

Answer 30

No, his government had no intention of breaking down the empire and Attlee and his Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevan, were determined to defend Britains imperial interests

Question 31

Why did Attlee wish to retain the empire?

Answer 31

He didn’t want to be seen as the destroyer of the empire

Question 32

For what reasons was it decided that India should be granted independence?

Answer 32

-Government feared delaying independence would lead to violent resistance
-Activities of the INA meant government lost control in the Indian Army, couldn’t be sure in support
-India no longer beneficial in cotton exports

Question 33

Who was sent out in 1947 with instructions for granting independence?

Answer 33

Viceroy Lord Louis Mountbatten, to bring independence no later than June 1948

Question 34

How many people died in the violence caused by Indias partition with independence for India and Pakistan?

Answer 34

over a million