Incontinence & Urinary Retention Flashcards
What is the normal capacity of the bladder?
400 - 600 mL
The bladder histologically has three layers, what are they?
- Outer adventitial connective tissue layer
- Middle smooth muscle coat (detrusor)
- Inner transitional cell epithelium
Pelvic nerve efferent and afferents enter and exit the spinal cord at which level?
S2 - S4
Which region of the brain controls micturition
Pontine micturition centre
Which muscles in the bladder contract to expel urine?
Detrusor
Males void at a pressure of what cm H2O and have what maximum flow rate?
40 - 50 cm H2O pressure
30 - 40 ml/s flow rate
What is “BOO”?
Bladder outflow obstruction
State two causes of BOO (Bladder Outflow Obstruction)
Urethral obstruction, or neurological basis
Outline treatments for BOO / Urinary retention
Phytotherapy Watchful waiting Alpha adrenergic blockers i.e. Doxazosin 5 alpha reductase inhibitors i.e. Finasteride Surgery
What is “stress incontinence”?
Physical activity such as coughing, sneezing, running, heavy lifting which puts pressure on your bladder
What is “urge incontinence”?
An involuntary loss of urine that usually occurs when a person has a strong, sudden need to urinate
State causes of urinary incontinence in men
Overactive bladder
Neuropathic bladder
Prostatectomy
Overflow incontinence
State the four types of urinary incontinence in women
Stress
Urge
Functional
Overflow
State five risk factors for urinary incontinence in women
- Pregnancy / stillbirth
- Age / meopause
- Obesity
- Constipation
- Pelvic organ prolapse
- Chronic cough / smoking
State some treatments for urinary incontinence in women
Behaviour therapy i.e. pelvic floor exercises / vaginal weights
Pharmacological agents i.e. alpha-adrenergic agonists / oestrogens / TCAs
Surgery i.e. urethral & bladder neck stabilisation / urethral sphincter augmentation / midurethral slings
