independence movements

Question 1

origins - role of nationalism in Cuba

Answer 1

= Cuban nationalists believed Cuba was a unique nation with its own culture, history and identity so it should be independent from Spain

= fuelled by Spain’s oppressive rule

= Cuban flag was also a symbol

= economic exploitation fuelled nationalism as they desired to control their own resources and identity

= resistance to US involvement increases nationalism

Question 2

origins - role of nationalism in Vietnam

Answer 2

= opposed french rule

= french colonial rule exploited the indigenous population

= Vietnamese people believed french didnt see them as good people

= fuelled by poor treatment as harsh control over peasants due to high taxes

= helped people feel a sense of pride in their country

= oppressed by Chinese rule and just wanted a sense of unity

Question 3

origins - social factors - Cuba

Answer 3

= 30,000 refugees from Haiti settled in Cuba and brought their expertise with them

= Vives, an oppressive spanish ruler, set up military tribunals aimed to suppress any revolt

= social divisions/racial divisions

penisulares (spanish born natives who settled in Cuba)

criollos (born in cuba but spanish descent)
landowners and wealthy farmers

= increased demand for slavery, but the elite feared a rebellion

Question 4

origins - social factors in Vietnam

Answer 4

= peasants were forced to work on French owned lands

= malnutrition and malaria were really common on plantations

= land was taken away from peasants and given to those who supported the government

= had to speak french and abandon their culture

= now westernised

Question 5

origins - economic - cuba

Answer 5

= after 1750, developed into prosperous sugar colony

= wealthy colony

= modernise sugar production to be less dependent on slave labour

= Spain was focused on wars and so they were taking money to use it for themselves

= spain enforced trade restrictions

Question 6

origins - economic - vietnam

Answer 6

= taxes had to be paid in hard currency, and farmers could not afford to do this

= french imposed a monopoly on sat, opium and alcohol which demaded extreme prices - aimed to impoverish reigons and put economic burden on inidigenous

= french turned vietnam into pro-capitalist system

Question 7

origins - religion - Cuba

Answer 7

• catholic church was influential and some clergy supported the independence movement
• catholic church supported the spanish rule

Question 8

origins - religion - vietnam

Answer 8

Diem (South) Vietnam’s President was Christian and disrespectful of Buddhism

Buddhist monks campaigned for social justice and nationalist causes

confucianism - chinese philosophy on culture
- had obligations to fit those roles in society

Question 9

origins - role of war - cuba

Answer 9

= Haitian Revolution
- slave revolution which led to independence from France
- more influential for Black Cubans

= Simon Bolivar
- helped Colombia, Ecuador etc to gain independence which inspired Cuba

Question 10

origins - role of war - Vietnam

Answer 10

= WW2 - French indochina was occupied by imperial Japan agreed by Imperial Vichy French authorities
- Viet Minh became centre of resistance against Japanese

= Cold War = Vietnam was viewed as proxy war

Question 11

origins - race - Cuba

Answer 11

= strict racial hierarchy that existed in Cuba, especially with Spanish rule and during slavery

= 1886, slavery was abolished

= but continued discrimination in employment, education and political representation

= many cubans were enslaved or discriminated by Spanish government

Question 12

origins - race - Vietnam

Answer 12

not a factor

Question 13

economic historiography - Gabriel Kolko “Argues that the US was only interested…”

Answer 13

“argues that the US was only interested in Indochina’s natural resourcea and markets”

Question 14

role of war in WW2 - David Shaplan “argues the US involvement was..”

Answer 14

“argues the US involvement was simply driven by a desire to support France”

Question 15

nationalism - David Marr “Ho Chi Minh was a…”

Answer 15

Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist more than a communist

Question 16

methods - violent methods - Cuba

Answer 16

first war -
= insurgents had help from peasants who knew the local area as they could move quickly around the countryside and conceal them (guerilla tactics)

second war -
= several small groups rose up in arms
= ‘la tea’ set cane fields, mills and plantations, as this would provide an income
= guerilla warfare which caused heavy losses
= destroyed sugar mills which would deprive Spanish administrations of funds and income

Question 17

method - non-violent methods - Cuba

Answer 17

first war -
= plotters refused to pay taxes
= spread pro-independence literature around Cuba
=Cespedes released all his slaves and declared independence
= peasants helped them with climate and location
= leader refused to sign treaty that didnt have abolition of slavery in it

second war -
= boatload of new recruits such as Gomez, which provided new weapons and ammunition
= black Cubans had helped them massively and developed a large force

Question 18

methods - role of leaders - Cuba

Answer 18

Marti
= intellectual writer who articulated a vision of free Cuba
= founded Cuban Revolutionary Party in 1892
= diplomatically - travelled to Latin American countries lobbying for international support
= worked with other leaders to develop guerilla strategues
= died in battle of das rios in 1895
= known as a symbol for cuban independence

Cespedes
= freed his slaves
= urged them to join in with fellow conspirators in a war to achieve independence from spain
= elected as president ‘the republic of cuba in arms’
= knwon as father of the country

Maximo Gomez
= military leader
= became military supporter and military commander in Cuba’s second war of independence
= influenced tactics used by Castro and Guevara in the rebellion

Question 19

methods - foreign intervention in cuba

Answer 19

= 1898 Spanish American War - platt ammendments

= gave rights to cuba to america from spain

= ended spanish rule

= entered american rule

Question 20

methods - violent methods in vietnam

Answer 20

= first indochina war, started using guerilla warfare which alllowed them to rebuild their strength and increase their influence

= second indochina war, viet cong attacked american airbases and bombed embassies

viet cong assasinated local officials in the south

teachers were targeted as they were thought to be agents of the diem governemnt

Question 21

methods - non-violent methods in vietnam

Answer 21

= nationalists to engage in diplomatic negotiations internationally to gain support
= peasant support
= civil disobedience ex. not paying taxes
= built a new trail to get supplies through the jungle

Question 22

methods - role of leaders in Vietnam

Answer 22

Ho Chi Minh

= french education
= joined french communist party in 1920
= 1941 - returned to vietnam and leaders guerilla fighting
= organised Viet Minh which was a communist militia
= educated citizens
= well respected

Question 23

methods - foreign intervention in vietnam

Answer 23

= USA gave it’s support to South as they feared if ho chi minh would win in an election. US rushed into giving military, political and financial help
= US didn’t want to help as they didn’t know what they were fighting for
= influence of cold war - proxy war

= USSR gave aid and resources to north, and north vietnamese pilots were being trained in soviet union

Question 24

methods - use of propaganda - cuba

Answer 24

= spread pro-independence literature around Cuba
= cespedes

Question 25

methods - use of propaganda - vietnam

Answer 25

used pamphlets and newspapers to spread pro-independent ideologies

Question 26

foreign intervention - methods in vietnam -David Halberstam “argues whatever the initial motive was, US involvement escalated out of control…”

Answer 26

“argues whatever the initial motive was, US involvement escualated out of control and the US leadership was to blame for allowing its country to slip into war”

Question 27

propaganda - vietnam - “the media coverage , including graphic images and reports….”

Answer 27

“the media coverage, including graphic images and reports played a significant role”

Question 28

nationalism for cuba - what did cuban nationalists think?

Answer 28

“often portay the independence movement as a struggle for freedom and self-determination”

Question 29

social, race - cuba “the movement was a unifying force that transcended…”

Answer 29

“the movement was a unifying force that transcended social, racisl and economic divisions”

Question 30

role of leaders - cuba “jose marti played a pivotal role….”

Answer 30

“jose marti played a pivotal role in uniting cubans against colonial rule”

Question 31

propaganda - cuba “his writings and ideals…”

Answer 31

“his wrtings and ideals inspired a collective consciousness for independence” - jose marti

Question 32

nationalism and economy for cuba - “the islands economy was marked by a history of…”

Answer 32

“the cuban struggle for indpendence is deeply rooted in economic grievances, as the island’s economy was marked by a history of expolitation under spanish colonial rule”

Question 33

social - cuba “class tensions were….”

Answer 33

“class tensions were a driving force behind the independence movement, as the working class wanted to break free from a system that encouraged social injustice”