INDG 1220 Midterm Flashcards
(94 cards)
define Indigenous
umbrella term used in canada, refers to first nations, metis, and inuit peoples. Safest term. Inhabited or existed on their land since time immemorial
define first nations
Indigenous people distinct from metis or inuit. Term originates in the 1970s and refers to those are are legally considered “indians” in the constitution Act 1982
Nehiyaw, dakota (assiniboine), anishinaabe, anishinininew, and dene
define metis
Refers to descendants of those with mixed ancestry between first nations and european settlers (mainly french and scottish) however they are a distinct group of people with their own language, culture, and territories
Official language - Michif
According to metis national council, metis means a person who self-identifies as metis, is distinct from other indigenous peoples is of historic metis nation ancestry and who is accepted by the metis nation
define inuit
Refers to indigenous peoples whose roots stem from inuit Nunangat, also known as Canadian arctic. Translates to “the place where inuit live
Inuit translates to “the people” in inuktitut. Therefore to say “inuit peoples” is redundant, translates to “the People Peoples”
define land acknowledgement
a formal statement recognizing the unique and enduring relationships that exists between indigenous peoples and their traditional territories
Express gratitude to those who reside here and to honour the indigenous people who have lived and worked on this land historically and presently
why is indigenous peoples pluralized?
indigenous peoples are diverse
when is acceptable to use term “Indian”
Put it in quotation marks
Citing books, art, historical documents etc.
In discussion -> needed for context
Relating it back to legal or constitutional subject matter (Indian Act)
Inuit Nunangat is compromised of which 4 regions?
- Inuvialuit (NW territories)
- Nunavik (northern quebec)
- Nunatsiavut (labrador)
- Nunavut
Who governs Red River Metis?
Manitoba metis federation
Metis national council: sask, ont, BC, alb
why is it important to know terminology of Indigenous peoples in canada?
cultural awareness
respect and recognition - shows respect to indigenous culture, identities, histories.
education - empowering
perservation of language
effective communication
building relationship
5 facts about indigenous studies
- educational program dedicated to surveying indigenous culture
- grounded by diverse ancestral knowledges
- stems from history, anthropology, colonial studies, ethnohistories
- relatively new field - emerged in 1960s
- places indigenous sovereignty at center of goals and trajectories
what does interdisciplinarity mean
an approach that integrates concepts, theories, and methodologies from multiple academic disciplines to address complex issues or topics
- multiple fields - collaboration of ideas and insights
why is interdisciplinarity important to indigenous studies?
indigenous histories is more than just what is written on a paper. It’s oral history, political, geographical, artistic experiences that shape indigenous peoples
Ex. teachings painted on birch bark scrolls, governance systems in beadwork, language reflects sounds of environment etc.
what does resurgence mean in context of indigenous peoples?
Process of awakening from a dormant period. Awakening
Turning inwards, builds strength within indigenous communities, decenters eurocentric scholarship, divests from authority of the Canadian settler state
reframes indigenous education as valid
what is the allegory of the “Vanishing Indian”
a narrative that portrays indigenous peoples as a disappearing or dying race
-emerged in 19 century-> depicting them as relics of past faded away by colonization and assimilation
Origins of vanishing indian
began when colonial attitudes viewed indigenous peoples as obstacles to progression - primitive -> naturally decline
-justified last dispossession and assimilation
Who is Edward curtis? what is he known for?
American photographer and ethnographer - best known for documenting indigenous peoples in early 20 century
- monumental project: “the north american indian” - photos of details of cultures and ways of life
how did edward contribute to allegory of “vanishing indian”
his portrayal of indigenous peoples emphasized traditional aspects of their culture- downplaying present day aspects
- reinforcing idea they are on brink of extinction
What are some ways that Indigenous peoples can regain control over their histories and
representation?
indigenous owned archives and museums
place importance on oral histories and community lead historical narratives
language revitalization
validity in indigenous mapping
6 cultural areas
arctic
subarctic
northwest
plateau
plains
eastern woodlands
climate, 3 indigenous groups, resources, ways of life pre-colonization of Arctic
climate: cold months: -30->40, high of -10->20
resources: seals, walrus, caribou, fish
indigenous groups: inuit
ways of life: semi-nomatic groups, used igloos and tents for shelter, hunting and fishing central to culture
climate, 3 indigenous groups, resources, ways of life pre-colonization of Subarctic
climate: cold, wet low of -40 in winter, high of 30 summers
resources: caribou, fish, moose
indigenous groups: Nehiyaw (Cree), Beothuck, Innu, Thchno (Dogrib)
ways of life: canoes in summer, sleds in winter, kinship networks, cooperation, seasonal hunting
climate, 3 indigenous groups, resources, ways of life pre-colonization of Northwest
climate: warmer, rarely below freezing in winter, coastal
3 indigenous groups: Tlingit, haida, tsimshian, kwakwaka’wakw
resources: salmon, herring and shellfish, sea lions, whales
ways of life: social status ranked based on how close they were to the chief, potlatch ceremonies, events building alliences
climate, 3 indigenous groups, resources, ways of life pre-colonization of Plateau
climate: flat area between mountains, hot dry summers, cold winters
3 indigenous groups: Secwepemc (shuswap), Wet’suwet’en (carrier), sylix (okanagan) ktunaxa (ketenai)
resources: hunt, fish, gather plants
ways of life: communal - decisions made by chiefs
